【作者】 张文华；

【导师】 张晓华；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 世界史， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 伴随着“中世纪晚期的危机”，非正常死亡成了当时西欧社会频频发生的事。14世纪初期，西欧几百年以来的盛世与繁荣出现了断裂，饥荒和瘟疫肆意地“屠宰”着人们。死亡这个永恒的话题，无论何时何地，人们都无法回避它，尤其是中世纪晚期的西欧。研究此时的人们如何看待死亡，有助于我们理解当时人们的情感、心理和行为等，从而窥见其文化背景，为中世纪西欧文明研究提供一种特殊的视角。本文以殡葬仪式为研究视角，探析中世纪晚期基督教影响下的西欧形成了怎样的死亡观，指导了当时的人们怎样进行殡葬仪式的安排，这一过程又具有什么意义。本文有六个部分，第一部分：中世纪晚期基督教死亡观。死亡标志现世生活的结束，伴随而来的是死后的永生。末日审判是一个关键点，有望进入天堂的人，死后需要在炼狱清除罪孽，于是死后灵魂如何通过炼狱，成为基督徒关注的大事。第二部分：死者生前对死亡的准备。人们为实现死后灵魂的救赎，进行慈善捐赠和购买赎罪券。第三部分：终傅礼。包括灵性关怀和傅油礼。第四部分：入殓礼。包括对死者的夜间守灵和使用棺材对尸体进行装殓。第五部分：安葬礼。包括举行殡葬弥撒，挑选墓地和放置陪葬品以及送葬。第六部分：入土后的仪式。包括为死者守丧，举办丧宴和举行亡灵弥撒。更多还原

【Abstract】 Death happened frequently during "crisis of the late Middle Ages" in WesternEurope. Flourish and prosperity which had lasted for centuries in Western Europecame to a halt in the early14thcentury. Worse still, famine and pestilence widelyspread, which caused millions of death. Death has always been an eternal topicwherever we live and we can never avoid it, regardless of the age we live in. It wasespecially a major topic for the people of the late Middle Ages in Western Europe.Therefore, the research about how people view the issue of death will somehow helpus to understand people’s psychology and behavior, and through which we will beable to get a glimpse of their cultural background. It can also provide a specialperspective to the study of medieval Western European civilization.The paper is supposed to reveal, from the funeral ceremony perspective, thethanatopsis under the medieval Christian influence and how people arranged thefuneral ceremony under the certain kind of thanatopsis in the late medieval age.These are six parts in this paper. The first part talked about the Christianthanatopsis in the late middle Age. Death marked the end of this life as well as theeternal life of the world to come. How did the soul pass the purgatory became a toppriority for Christians, as Armageddon is a key point for those who had opportunity toenter heaven after clearing sins in the purgatory. The second part illustrated howpeople prepare for death. They made charitable donations and purchased indulgencesto save their soul. The third part analyzed the unction ceremony, including spiritualcare and oleum confirmor. In the fourth part, coffinite ceremony are mainly talked,including Night vigils and the use of coffin for Corpse. In the next part, I illustratedAnn funeral, covering the holding of the funeral Mass, the selection of the cemetery,the funeral procession and how they chose the grave. The last part talked about theceremony after burying, including the mourning for the dead, funeral feast and thesouls of Mass.更多还原