【作者】 张彦；

【导师】 戈振扬； 刘小刚；

【作者基本信息】 昆明理工大学 ， 农业生物环境与能源工程， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 在蔬菜种植中,多采用大水大肥的生产方式,不仅影响蔬菜的产量和品质,而且严重损害土壤生态环境和人体健康。因此根据蔬菜的需水需肥规律,合理进行水分调控,优化水肥管理,实现最佳水肥耦合模式成为蔬菜优质稳产的关键。根系分区交替灌溉利用作物遗传和生态生理特性以及干旱胁迫信号ABA的响应机制,达到节水高效和优质高产的目的,由传统的丰水高产型灌溉转向节水优产型灌溉。有关交替灌溉下蔬菜的水肥高效利用机理以及最优水肥供给模式报道较少。本研究以番茄为例,采用盆栽控水的方法,以常规灌溉为对照(CI,控水范围为(70%～85%)θf),采用分根区交替灌水方式,设置2个控水时期：营养生长阶段(前期)和生殖生长阶段(后期)；2个灌水水平：高水(WH,灌水定额为常规CI灌水的80%)；低水(WL,灌水定额为常规CI灌水的60%)；3个氮肥水平：高氮(NH)0.45g/kg干土、中氮(NM)0.30g/kg干土、低氮(NL)0.15g/kg干土。试验于2011年7月至2011年12月在西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室的温室中进行。主要研究了在交替灌溉条件下控水时期、灌水水平和施氮水平对番茄生长生理特性、水氮利用及品质的影响。研究取得了以下重要结论：(1)交替灌溉方式下,中氮处理的番茄耗水量最大,株高较大,根长、根体积最大,干物质累积总量较大；持续高水处理的水分利用效率均值分别是持续低水和常规充分灌水的1.05和1.12倍。交替灌溉高水中氮处理的番茄干物质累积及水分利用效率较大。(2)交替灌溉条件下,叶绿素含量和施氮量正相关。灌水相同时,中氮处理的根系活力最大；施氮相同时,前期低水而后期高水处理的根系活力最大。(3)土壤硝态氮含量和施氮量N_J正相关,和土壤含水率呈负相关。和常规灌溉相比,交替灌溉对氮素累积产生抑制作用。交替灌溉条件下,中氮处理的氮素累积量分别比高氮和低氮处理增加11.72%和10.98%。(4)交替灌溉条件下,中氮处理的番茄红素、维生素C和可溶性糖含量较高,而机酸含量保持较低水平。番茄中硝酸盐含量和施氮量呈正相关。前期低水后期高水处理的维生素C含量最大,而前期高水后期低水水处理的番茄红素含量最大。综合考虑干物质累积、水氮利用及品质的因素,交替灌溉条件下番茄最优的水氮供给模式为：营养生长阶段低水(灌水定额为常规CI灌水的60%)、生殖生长阶段高水(灌水定额为常规CI灌水的80%)和中氮(0.30g/kg干土)。本试验结果可为蔬菜的水氮高效利用提供实践参考,有一定的理论和现实意义。由于本研究是在盆栽模拟条件下进行,其结果还需大田试验进一步验证。更多还原

【Abstract】 The production method of much more water and fertilizer in vegetable cultivation not only affect the yield and quality of vegetables, but also damage soil ecological environment and human health seriously. Therefore, according to the law of water and fertilizer requirement of vegetables, regulating and controlling moisture reasonably, optimizing water and fertilizer management, achieve the best fertilizer model, which is a key to realize the high quality and stable yield of vegetables.By using crop genetic, characteristics of ecological and physiological, and response mechanism of drought stress signal ABA to achieve the goal under alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI), which is high efficient water-saving and good quality and high yield, and turn to water saving and optimal yield irrigation from traditional type of high water and yield. There is few report about water utilization mechanism and the optimal water supply model under APRI.This study took tomato as an example, adopted potted plant water control, contrast to conventional irrigation(CI, water control range((70%-85%)θf), set up two period of water control by the method of alternate partial root-zone irrigation: Vegetative stage (early) and reproductive stage (late); two water levels:high water(WH,80%of the irrigation quota of CI); low water(WL,60%of the irrigation quota of CI); three nitrogen levels:high nitrogen (NH)0.45g/kg of dry soil, nitrogen (NM)0.30g/kg of dry soil, low nitrogen (NL)0.15g/kg of dry soil.The experiment conducted in the greenhouse in key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University from July to December,2012. The primary research of this paper concentrates mainly on the effect on tomato growth characteristics, physiological property, water and nitrogen utilization and quality, under APRI irrigation method, irrigation rate and nitrogen rate. The main results of this study as follows:(1) Under APRI, water consumption of medium nitrogen was the highest, the plant height of medium nitrogen was higher, root length and root volume of medium nitrogen was the highest, dry mass accumulation of middle nitrogen was higher; the mean water use efficiency of continuous high water treatment was1.05and1.12times that of continuous low water treatment and high water treatment with conventional irrigation respectively. Tomato dry mass accumulation and water use efficiency of high water and middle nitrogen treatment with alternate partial root-zone irrigation was higher. (2) There was a positive correlation between chlorophyll and nitrogen content under APRI. In the same level of irrigation, the root activity of middle nitrogen was the highest; In the same level of nitrogen fertilizer, the root activity of early low water and late high water treatment was the highest.(3) Soil NO3-N content was positively correlation with the nitrogen and negatively correlation with the moisture content in the soil. Compared to conventional irrigation, APRI inhibited nitrogen accumulation of tomato. Under APRI, the amount of nitrogen accumulation of middle nitrogen treatment was increased by11.72%and10.98%that of high nitrogen treatment and low nitrogen treatment respectively.(4) Under APRI, Lycopene, vitamin C and soluble sugar content of tomato was higher, and the content of machine acid keep low level. There was a positive correlation between nitrate and nitrogen content. Tomato vitamin C content of low water in earlier stage and high water in late stage was the largest, the lycopene content of high water in earlier stage and low water in late stage was the largest.Considering factors of dry matter accumulation, water and nitrogen use and quality, the optimal model of water and nitrogen supply is low water treatment in vegetative growth phase (WL,60%of the irrigation quota of CI), high water treatment in reproductive growth phase (WH,80%of the irrigation quota of CI) and middle nitrogen treatment (NM,0.30g/kg of dry soil).This experiment results could provide practice reference for water and nitrogen use efficiency of vegetables, which have certain theoretical and practical significance. Due to the study was conducted under the condition of potted simulation, the result still need field experimental verification.更多还原