【作者】 张进升；

【导师】 郭风平；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 科学技术史， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 人类从简单地利用火，到发明和使用火，经农业的兴起和发展，到工业的兴起，生产力提高，利用自然资源的能力增强，人口增加，相应的对森林破坏加剧，尤其当代，各地经济的发展，伴随而来的不仅是对环境的破坏，还有对环境的污染。而森林作为地球上可再生自然资源及陆地生态系统的主体，对环境保护有非常大的作用，而青海又是长江、黄河、澜沧江的发源地，被誉为“江河源头”、“中华水塔”，因此，保护该地区的林业，以保护环境，就显得尤为重要。青海位于我国西北地区，青海自然条件严酷，气候严寒，干旱少雨，林业发展面临很大困难，但青海省幅员辽阔，境内地形复杂多样，地势高低悬殊，因此形成了“八方各异气，千里殊风雨”的地方气候和小气候。这又为林业发展提供了一定的有利条件。青海在远古时期曾有较丰富的森林资源。喜马拉雅运动使高原隆起，冰期来临，气候变迁，森林发生多次进退，最后大面积消失。历史时期，远古青海先民就生活在这片土地上，发展牧业、农业。随着人口的增加，农业、牧业发展，及交替，各种战火的频发，同时人对林木的各种利用，使得有限的森林遭到极大地破坏。尤其汉、唐、宋，明清时期，为了充实固守这些地区，移民屯田，发展农业，毁林，破坏草场，对森林、草地带来极大的破坏，最终影响到坏境。清末到马步芳家族统治青海时期，青海境内的森林几乎消失殆尽。青海森林的破坏，使得水土流失严重，土地沙化趋势严峻，水源涵养能力下降，引起生态环境的恶化，形成“童山濯濯、荒地千里，一望无垠”状况，因此，森林涵养水源，保持水土，防风固沙等作用的生态效益得到更深地认识，因此，保护森林已是当务之急。寺院对林业和环境的保护，古今恒有，寺院的生态保护功能已是大家的共识，而青海多民族、多宗教、多寺院的有利条件，无疑对林业和环境保护会起到更大的作用。通过了解青海地理环境变迁，影响到森林的繁茂和退化的变化，从而使我们必须深刻认识到自然的力量是无穷的。而森林的变迁，除自然作用外，历史时期，主要是人类活动作用的结果，其结果不论在那个时代，总体上是对森林的破坏，要想森林得到恢复，就得减少人口，较少人类活动，而且还要帮助修复生态，退耕还林还草，退出不适宜种植农业的山坡地，种草种树。同时，要认识到人类生活、生产活动，是受当地自然条件的影响，人类要尽可能地从事适应当地自然环境的生产活动，以及养成与之相适应的生活习惯，要以中国古代农业“三才”理论为指导，在我国古代“天人合一”思想的指引下，回归传统，寻求人类生活和生产走可循环、可持续发展的道路。更多还原

【Abstract】 Human from simple to use fire, the invention and the use of fire, the agriculture is arisenwith development, to the rise of industry, improve productivity, enhance the ability ofutilizing natural resources, population increase, corresponding to forest destruction,especially contemporary, local economic development, along with the only damage to theenvironment, and the pollution of the environment.Forest as the renewable natural resourcesand the main body of the terrestrial ecosystem, environmental protection has a very big role,and Qinghai is the Yangtze River, the Yellow River River, the birthplace of Lancang, knownas the "river source","the towers", therefore, the protection of the area of the forest industry,to protect environment, it is particularly important.Qinghai is located in the northwest region of China, Qinghai natural condition isastringent, bitter cold climate, drought and little rain, forestry development is facing greatdifficulties, but Qinghai has a vast territory, the territory of complex and diverse topography,terrain height disparity, thus forming a "eight different gas, thousands of miles of specialweather" local climate and microclimate.It is forestry development provides certain favorableconditions.Qinghai in ancient times had a rich forest resources.Himalaya movement caused theuplift of the plateau, ice age coming, climate change, forest occurs several times and finallydisappeared, a large area of.Historical period, ancient Qinghai ancestors living in this land,the development of animal husbandry, agriculture.With the increase of population, agriculture,animal husbandry development, and alternately, a variety of war and frequent, while on forestuse, make limited forest was greatly upset.In particular, the Han, Tang, song, Ming and QingDynasties, in order to enrich cling to these areas, immigrants, the development of agriculture,deforestation, destruction of forest, grassland, grassland cause great damage, ultimately affectthe environment.The late Qing Dynasty to the Ma Bufang family ruled Qinghai, Qinghaiforest is almost gone.Qinghai forest destruction, the serious soil erosion, land desertification trend, waterconservation capacity decreased, caused the aggravation of zoology environment, forming a "bleak hills irrigation, Aji Chisato, boundless" status, therefore, forest water conservation,soil conservation, windbreak and sand fixation effects of ecological benefit get deeperunderstanding, therefore, to protect the forest is a pressing matter of the moment.The templeof forestry and the environment protection, and the constant, the ecological protectionfunction is everybody’s consensus, Qinghai multi-ethnic, multi-religious, many temples infavorable conditions, no doubt on the forestry and environmental protection will play agreater role.Through the understanding of Qinghai geographical environmental changes affect forests,lush and degenerative change, so we must have a profound understanding to the forces ofnature is infinite.While the forest, in addition to natural effect, historical period, the role ofhuman activity is the main results, the results in that era, is on the whole the destruction of theforest, to the forest restoration, must reduce population, less human activities, but also to helprepair the ecological, returning farmland to forests and grasslands, exit not suitable forplanting agricultural hillside, grass and tree planting.At the same time, to recognize humanlife, the production activity, is influenced by the local natural conditions, human should beinvolved in adaptation to the local natural environment of production activities, and todevelop and adapt to living habits, to Chinese ancient agriculture "to" theory as a guide, inancient China "the unity of heaven and man" under the guidance of the ideology, traditionalregression, for human life and production can be recycled, walking the road of sustainabledevelopment.更多还原