列宁探索共产党执政方式的历史演进

【作者】 王丽华；

【导师】 王进芬；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 执政方式,是指执政党掌握、运用国家政权实现党的奋斗目标的方法、形式的总称。1917年十月革命胜利后,以列宁为首的布尔什维克党取得了执政地位,建立了世界上第一个社会主义国家,使俄国共产党(布尔什维克)成为世界上第一个执掌政权的无产阶级政党。从1917年十月革命胜利到1924年,前后仅6年多时间里,列宁作为俄共(布)的领导人面对俄共(布)由领导革命斗争的“革命党”向领导社会主义建设的“执政党”的转变,将马克思主义基本原理与本国实际相结合,围绕俄共(布)执政方式问题进行了艰苦卓越的探索。本文将列宁对共产党执政方式的探索分为三个阶段：第一阶段为苏维埃政权初期,即十月革命胜利至1918年国内战争爆发。这一时期,列宁试图让所有人民群众直接参加国家管理,指出共产党执政的实质在于人民群众管理国家,并主张俄共(布)与其他政党“联合执政”。第二阶段为战时共产主义政策时期,即1918年国内战争爆发至1921年3月俄共(布)十大。这一时期,由于受苏俄落后的文化水平制约和国内外反动势力的进攻,由“人民管理国家”让位给“党代表人民管理国家”,“多党联合执政”转变为俄共(布)“一党执政”,党内则实行“极端集中制”,国家和社会的权力向俄共(布)集中。第三阶段为新经济政策时期,即1921年3月俄共(布)十大召开至列宁生命晚期。随着和平时期的到来,战时共产主义政策的弊端日益显现,并相继爆发了严重的农民骚乱。这促使列宁对共产党执政方式进行更为深入的探索,做出了从战时共产主义政策向新经济政策转变的决议,提出要明确党政职责、实行党政职能分开,并继续发扬党内民主、用“工人民主制”代替“极端集中制”,实现了从政令、号令式领导方式向遵守革命法制的转变等。每一阶段列宁对俄共(布)执政方式的探索,都积累了十分丰富的历史经验,开创了马克思主义关于共产党执政理念的先河,无论对以后苏共还是其他社会主义国家共产党的执政都产生了重要影响,特别是对我国改革和完善党的领导方式和执政方式、探索共产党执政规律有着重要的借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The governing way refers to the ruling party to master and apply the state power to implement the party’s goal of the method, the floorboard of the form. After the October Revolution Victory in1917, the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, obtained the governing status, established the first socialist country in the world, the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) become the world’s first power of the proletariat political party. Victory of the October Revolution from1917to1924, before only six years and after Lenin as the leader of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) face the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) by the leadership of the revolutionary struggle "evolutionary party" to lead the socialist construction of the "ruling party", combining basic Marxist principle and its practical, surrounding Russian Communist Party(Bolshevik) made arduous and excellent exploration.Lenin to the communist party’s governing way to explore this paper divided into three phases:first phase for the early Soviet regime, the victory of the October Revolution to the civil war broke out in1918. During this period, Lenin tried to let all the people directly participate in country management, pointing out that the essence of the ruling communist party governance is that the people governing the country, and advocate Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) and other political parties are "grand coalition". The second phase of wartime communist policy period, namely, civil war broke out in1918to March of1921the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) tenth Congress. During this period, due to the Soviet Russia behind the cultural level of restriction and attack of the reactionary forces both at home and abroad, by "the people governing the country" gave way to "delegating the people governing the country", turning "Multi-party coalition government" into the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)"one-party", the party is "extreme centralism", the power of the state and society to Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) concentration. Third stage for the new economic policy period, i.e., on March1921, the tenth congress of Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) convened to Lenin in late life. With the coming of peaceful period, the emerging of wartime communist policy, and one after another serious peasant riots broke out quickly, Which led Lenin to the communist party’s governing way much more deep exploration, made from communist policy to meet the new economic policy shift resolution, put forward to separating clear responsibility, implement the party, party and government functions, and continue to develop inner-party democracy,"democracy workers" instead of "extreme centralism", realized from the order, the order type leadership style to abide by the revolution of the legal system, etc.Each stage of Lenin Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) exploration of governing way has accumulated a very rich historical experience and created the Marxism about Communist Party’s governing idea. No matter for the Communist Party and the governing of the Communist Party in other Socialist countries have produced important influence, especially in China’s reform and improve the party’s style of leadership and governance, exploring communist rule has important significance.更多还原