【作者】 张鹏；

【导师】 徐可超；

【作者基本信息】 辽宁大学 ， 文艺学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 法国捷裔作家米兰·昆德拉（Milan Kundera）用一种轻松愉悦的形式——幽默，来表现重大的生存主题。在他的小说世界中，幽默已不单指修辞学意义上的幽默，它与小说的结合构成了米兰·昆德拉独特的小说观。除此之外，他将哲学命题“存在”作为自己文学创作的根基，通过不断发现小说的艺术表现形式，对隐藏在人的背后的一切存在的可能做进一步的挖掘与揭示，同时深刻地阐释了“小说是关于存在的诗意的沉思”这一存在主义哲学命题。本文主要从米兰·昆德拉的存在主义哲学思想入手，以小说独有的智慧与幽默作为一种特殊的喜剧形式为结合点，深入分析米兰·昆德拉对幽默的看法。本文以米兰·昆德拉的幽默观为论述的中心，共分为四个部分，文章第一部分介绍了昆德拉幽默的哲学基点。存在主义哲学是米兰·昆德拉进行理论研究与艺术创作的哲学基础，因此，受海德格尔、萨特、雅斯贝尔斯等存在主义哲学大师的影响与熏陶，米兰·昆德拉形成了自己对“存在”的独特理解，即人在不同时代、不同社会环境中所具有的状态，这种状态由于受到各种条件的制约，从而呈现出了存在的多种可能性。文章第二部分重点介绍了昆德拉的小说观与幽默观。小说具有相对性立场、复杂与综合性精神、游戏与喜剧精神，小说家所进行的思考从本质上讲是探寻性的、假设性的，并始终基于一种相对性的立场。小说的这些特点与昆德拉幽默观的哲学基础——存在具有多种可能性不谋而合。他认为小说的智慧是一种不确定的智慧，是一种相对性的智慧，它可以打破传统对人的确定性的限制，进而达到对存在的领悟这一目的。因此，可以说，小说的领地是一个假设与游戏的领地，小说所具有的独特的幽默智慧使得幽默小说成为了探索存在的最佳方式。第三部分梳理了昆德拉幽默观的内涵及特征，这也是本文论述的重点章节。幽默作为一种“特殊的喜剧形式”在昆德拉小说中得到了弘扬，同时他将这种喜剧与对人性、对历史的严肃思考结合在一起，从笑声中，我们不仅能看到现代人类所处的悖谬的世界，还能从审美的角度感受到幽默对于小说的重要性。在这一部分中，主要论述了幽默的产生与发展以及昆德拉对幽默的重新阐释。同时，从小说故事题材的喜剧化；语言的幽默化；哲学理性的轻松化这几个方面对昆式幽默的特征做了简单介绍。第四部分结语论述了米兰·昆德拉的幽默观在文学作品中的实践，通过对作品中幽默的关照再次领略伟大小说家独特的幽默视角。更多还原

【Abstract】 Milan Kundera, Czechish-French, uses a pleasant form-humor to show significanttopic: survival. In his novel world, humor is not only rhetoric, but also Milan Kundera’snovel concept。Except this, he put the philosophical proposition “existence” as thefoundation of his literary creation, excavating and revealing any possibility hiddenbehind people by Continuously discovering new forms of artistic expression, andinterpreting “Novel is about the existence of the poetic meditation”——a existentialistphilosophical proposition. This thesis starting from Milan Kundera’s existentialistphilosophy, use the unique wisdom and humor of novel as a special form of comedy todiscuss Milan Kundera’s idea of humor.This thesis centers on Milan Kundera’s concept of humor, which is divided intofour parts: the part1introduces the existential philosophy and Milan Kundera’sunderstanding of "existence" at first and existential philosophy is the philosophical basisof Milan Kundera’s theoretical research and artistic creation. Affected by Heidegger,Sartre and Jaspers, who are existentialist philosopher masters, Milan Kundera developedunique understanding of “existence”, that is people have different state in different era ordifferent the social situation, which restricted by various conditions.In part2Milan Kundera explores the concept “existence”, through novel, anancient writing style. Novel has the spirit of relativity, complexity and humor, at thesame time the novelist’s thinking is exploring, hypothetical and also relativity. All thesecharacteristics of novel are the same as Milan Kundera’s idea, which is “existence” hasvarious possibilities. Milan Kundera believes that novel is uncertainty and the relativityof novel can break the limitation on the person’s certainty, even help people understand“existence”. So novel is assumptions and games. Novel is the best way to explore“existence”, because of its unique wisdom.Part3is about Milan Kundera’s idea of humor and this part is the focus of thispaper. Humor is a special form of comedy, which is carried forward in Milan Kundera’snovel. He combined comedy with the serious thinking of human nature and history.When laugh, we can not only see the perverse world modern where humans live, but also can feel the importance of humor for the novel from the perspective of aesthetic. Thispart mainly discusses the emergence and development of humor and Kundera’sreinterpretation of humor. At the same time introduce characteristics of Kundera humorfrom these aspects: comely stories, Humorous language and relaxing philosophical logos.Part4is epilogue, which analyzes the practice of humor in literature, appreciatinggreat novelist’s unique sense of humor once again.更多还原