【作者】 王海莲；

【导师】 秦礼君；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 日语语言文学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 日语是一门语气非常丰富的语言,在日本语学的领域里有很多关于语气的研究。自日本学者提出“句子由命题和语气构成”这一观点以来,对于语气的研究作为语言学的研究热潮一直备受关注。众多的语言学者致力于此领域,将语气的研究推向了一个崭新的阶段。其中,仁田义雄(1991)和益冈隆志(1991)分别提出了各自的语气体系,作为两个代表性的学术流派,其观点得到了普遍的认同。仁田义雄和益冈隆志基本上都是围绕句末的语气而展开研究的,而从句中的语气研究似乎没有得到足够的重视。另一方面,对于从句的先行研究,迄今为止主要是从从句的分类、从句的谓语部分的形态、从句中各项成分的机能和部分语气形式的意思和机能关系、从句的从属度以及“ノデ”和“力ラ”的相同点和相异点的研究,即从形态论、主句出现何种句式类型(语气形式)、意思、文体等角度进行考察。其中,一直以来备受重视的是两者的主句所出现的语气形式的比较。所以,通过对先行研究的整理,可以发现对原因从句,即对“ノデ”从句和“力ラ”从句中出现的语气形式的实际形态和机能的考察比较少。即使有些涉及,也称不上是明确的论述,因此有必要进行进一步的探讨。首先,本文主要以原因从句为研究对象,以“ノラ”从句和“力ラ”从句为中心,重点考察“ノラ”从句和“力ラ”从句中的语气形式的实际形态。通过对大量例句的考证和分析,把“ノデ”从句和“力ラ”从句中出现的语气形式的实际形态分为判断语气,礼貌语气,说明语气三类。其中,判断语气可以进一步分为价值判断语气和真伪判断语气。通过对实际形态的考察,得出了“ベキダ”、“ダロウ”、“ノダ”这三种语气形式一般不在“ノデ”从句中出现这一结论,并对于其为何不能和“ノデ”从句同时使用,进行了原因分析。其次,对于原因从句中语气的机能认定,通过应用“命题和语气的移动性”的相关原理,从原因句三种因果关系的分类出发,分别对表示事态缘由的原因句的从句中出现的语气形式的机能、表示判断的依据的原因句的从句中出现的语气形式的机能、表示发话行为的依据的原因句的从句中出现的语气形式的机能进行全面的考察和认定,并得出了以下结论：即原因从句中的语气基本上和在句末出现的时候具有相同的意思和机能,但当原因从句中的语气形式若不能够同时满足“说话人”在“发话时”的“主观态度”这三个语气定义的条件时,语气形式则丧失其语气功能,转化为命题。再者,对于“ノ尹”“力ラ”本身与主句的语气的限制关系进行分析。根据对先行研究的资料进行整理归纳,多数学者认为“ノデ”后多续表述事态缘由的叙述句。“力ラ”则既可以后接表示推测、劝诱、疑问等主观性语气,也可以后接表示客观描述的叙述语气。但是,本文通过例句,得出“ノ尹”不仅可以用于客观描述,亦可如同“力ラ”用于广泛的表示推量、意志、疑问等主观性语气这一结论。“ノ尹”特别多使用于说话人认为听话人对于原因理由的认识较低,为了特别强调其原因理由的情形。然而,在主句是劝诱或疑问等语气出现时,使用“ノ尹”,会有认为听话人的认识较低,有伤害对方自尊心的可能,因此在“ノ尹”前多使用礼貌语。最后,对于原因从句里出现的语气和主句里出现的语气的限制关系也进行了分析。得出原因从句中的语气形式具有相对独立性,可以说基本上不受句末的语气限制这一结论。但是,笔者发现主句是判断类语气的情形,如果句末语气是把握性较高的真伪判断,从句里表现价值判断的语气形式作为表现期望命题的实现的机能,很难成为真伪判断的依据,因此很难出现在判断类语气句子的从句当中。介于这一点,笔者认为这是一项很有研究价值的问题,可以作为今后的研究课题,进行进一步的深入研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Japanese is a language with rich moods which have been sufficiently studied in Japanese linguistics. Close attention has been paid to the research of moods ever since Japanese scholars put forward the opinion that a sentence is composed of propositions and moods. The devotion of many linguists to the study of moods has driven it to a brand-new stage. Nitayosio (1991) and Masuokatakasi (1991) brought up their own systems of moods respectively, which represent two typical schools of thought and have gained common acknowledgement.Researches by Nitayosio and Masuokatakasi mainly centered on the moods in the end of a sentence, while moods in subordinate clauses haven’t attracted enough attention. So far literature on subordinate clauses has focused on their classification, their predicate form, the function of their elements, the relationship between the meaning of some moods and their function, their subordinate degree as well as studies on similarities and differences between "ノテ"and"ヵラ". In particular, attention has been drawn to the comparison of moods in the main clauses of"ノテ"and"ヵラ". By reviewing the previous literature, the author discovered that only a little research has been done about the form and function of moods in clauses of reason, that is,"ノテ"clause and"ヵラ"clause, thus it is of great necessity to further explore this topic.This study focuses on clauses of reason, mainly about the mood form in"ノテ"clause and"ヵラ"clause. Through an analysis of a large number of examples, this paper classified the mood form in "ノテ"clause and"ヵラ"clause into mood of judgment, mood of politeness and mood of explanation. Mood of judgment can be further divided into mood of value judgment and mood of truth judgment. It is found out that normally "ベキダ","ダロゥ"and"ノ" will not appear in"ノテ"clause, about which a causal analysis is followed.Besides, the function of moods in clauses of reason has been identified. By applying relevant theories of the mobility of proposition and mood, this study examined and recognized the function of moods in clauses of reason which indicate the cause of matters, the basis for judgment and the basis for order respectively. The conclusion is as follows: moods in clauses of reason have the same meaning and function as they are in the end of a sentence, but if the mood in clauses of reason doesn’t indicate the speaker’s subjective attitude while speaking, it will lose its function and change into a proposition.In addition, this paper analyzed the restrictive relationship between"ノテ","ヵラ"and moods of main clauses. Many scholars believe that "ノテ"is always followed by declarative sentences showing the cause of matters, and that "ヵラ"can introduce both the subjective mood of assumption, persuasion and doubt and the declarative mood of objective description, however, this study discovered that"ノテ"can be used either in objective description or widely in subjective moods of assumption, will and doubt just like "ヵラ"."ノテ"is particularly used in situations where the cause of matters is emphasized because the speaker thinks that the listener is unlikely to understand it. If the main clause contains moods of persuasion or question, the use of"ノテ"might hurt the listener’s self-esteem by indicating the listener’s poor understanding and, so polite language is often used before "ノテ".Lastly, an analysis has also been done on the restrictive relationship between the mood in clauses of reason and that in main clauses. It is concluded that moods in clauses of reason are comparatively independent, basically without restraint from the mood in the end of sentences. Nevertheless, the author noticed that when the main clause shows the mood of judgment, if the mood in the end of the sentence is a truth judgment with a high probability, mood of value judgment in the subordinate clause can’t be the basis for a truth judgment, therefore it is unlikely to appear in the subordinate clause of sentences with moods of judgment, which is thought to be a valuable subject for future research.更多还原