【作者】 程凯；

【导师】 戚涛； 谷婷婷；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 《愤怒的葡萄》是20世纪著名小说家约翰·斯坦贝克的代表作品。该小说于1940年获得普利策文学奖。作为一部具有影响力的经典作品,批评界已应用各种理论工具对这部作品多视角地进行了探讨,如象征主义,生态主义等。本篇文章尝试从超验主义的视角对斯坦贝克的该部名著进行重新解读。本文通过对作品中景物描写及人物刻画等方面的分析,文章从宗教观、自然观及人生观三个层面,对斯坦贝克在该部作品中流露的超验主义倾向作详细的研究解读。首先,斯坦贝克在该部作品中表现出与超验主义者相同的宗教观。超验主义者主张用“超灵”来代替上帝的绝对权威,认为“上帝”是直接与人的心灵沟通对话的,并不需要圣经、信条、教会等媒介。斯坦贝克在该作品中也提出了“超灵”的概念,并指出人可以通过直觉去感受个体灵魂与“超灵”进行沟通进而达到个体精神与宇宙精神的统一。小说中对于凯西这一主要角色的刻画反映了斯坦贝克超验的宗教观。凯西和超验主义代表人物爱默生一样,辞去神职,走向自然,并获得“神启”。而另一位主要角色汤姆也在凯西的影响下,在自然中得到顿悟,放弃了只顾眼前的人生哲学,转而致力于改善未来的事业。其次,在自然观方面,斯坦贝克通过对“陆龟”等自然物的细节描写,揭示了自然的象征意义。同时,和超验主义者梭罗一样,斯坦贝克认为工业化导致了人类的异化,破坏了自然之美以及人与自然的和谐。斯坦贝克悲愤地指出,造成悲剧的并不是自然,而是工业化破坏的结果。因此,在小说中,斯坦贝克对以“拖拉机”为代表的工业化进行了猛烈的抨击,并表达了对宁静安逸的田园生活的向往。再次,在人类观方面,斯坦贝克和超验主义者都强调了人的重要地位并以极大的热心推动人类的自我完善与革新。小说中四位主要角色在西行的过程中的转变发映出超验主义思想里面的“个人潜力的无限性”：即个人能够依靠自我,冲破自身及外界的束缚,不断完善自我,达到完美境界。同时,主要人物的成长从侧面也说明社会的完善和进步离不开个人道德的完善和提高,由于个人的提高是无止境的,从而表达了作者的民主思想以及对社会发展的乐观态度。综上所述,斯坦贝克是一个带有超验主义色彩的作家。他的超验主义色彩主要反映在其作品中他对自然、社会和人类的看法上。斯坦贝克在自然观、社会观和人类观方面的超验主义色彩存在着密切关系,原因在于自然、社会和人类是密不可分的。它们并不是孤立的个体。相反,它们构成了一个有机的整体,每一个部分都会对其他两个部分产生影响。同时,对斯坦贝克超验主义色彩的探讨也有深刻的理论和实践意义。理论上,它为人们研究斯坦贝克提供了一个新的视角,有助于人们形成对斯坦贝克的新的看法；实践上,它不仅能够使人们认识到自然对人类的重要意义以及个人自我完善和革新的重要性,而且对当今的环境保护和以人为本的社会政策的实施有重要的推动作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Grapes of Wrath is the representative work of John Steinbeck, a famous novelist in the20th Century. The novel is the winner of Pulitzer Prize in1940. As a classical work with great influence, the scholars and critics have applied all kinds of theoretical methods to discuss this work from multiple perspectives, such as symbolism and ecologism. This thesis attempts to reinterpret the work written by Steinbeck from transcendentalism. Starting with detailed reading of this novel, the thesis analyzes the work from perspectives such as scenery description and characterization to study and interpret the transcendental tendency the work reveals in detail from views of religion, nature and human beings.First of all, Steinbeck presents in the novel the same view of religion with transcendentalists who advocate replacing the absolute authority of God with "over-soul", believing that God is able to have direct communication with people’s mind without the participation of the media like Bible, belief and churches. Steinbeck mentioned the concept of "over-soul" in this work, pointing out that people can feel individual soul with intuition and communicate with "over-soul" so as to accomplish the integration of individual spirit and universal spirit. The depiction of the main character Casy in the novel reflects Steinbeck’s transcendental view of religion. Like the representative of transcendentalism Emerson, Casy quits his priesthood, turns into nature and obtains "inspiration from God". Under the influence of Casy, another main character Tom also gets inspired in nature, thus gives up the short-sighted philosophy of life and starts to be engaged in improving the future.Secondly, in the view of nature, Steinbeck reveals the symbolic meaning of nature through the detailed description of natural objects like "land turtle". Meanwhile, like transcendentalist Thoreau, Steinbeck believes that industrialization results in the alienation of human and ruins the beauty of nature as well as the harmony between human and nature. Steinbeck states with grief and indignation that the tragedy is not caused by nature, instead, it is the destructive result of industrialization. Therefore, in the novel, Steinbeck strongly criticizes the industrialization represented by the "tractor", and expresses his desire for a tranquil and easeful pastoral life.Thirdly, in the view of human beings, Steinbeck together with transcendentalists emphasizes the significant role of human, and promotes human’s self-improvement and renovation with great passion. The transformation of the four main characters during the course of their heading to the west represents the transcendental belief of "unlimited individual potential" which means that individuals are able to rely on themselves to break away from the constraint from both themselves and the outside world, to constantly improve themselves, and to reach the perfect state. At the same time, the growth of the main characters proves that the perfection and advance of the society cannot be achieved without the improvement and promotion of individual moral. As individual improvement is an endless process, Steinbeck shows his democratic thoughts and optimistic attitudes towards social development.In conclusion, Steinbeck is a writer characterized with transcendentalism. His transcendental thoughts are mainly demonstrated in his attitudes towards nature, society and human. Steinbeck is closely connected to transcendentalism in the views of nature, society and human, as nature, society and human are inseparable. The three elements are not isolated from each other; on the contrary, they form an organic whole in which each part has influence on the other two. What’s more, the discussion on Steinbeck’s transcendental view is of profound theoretical and practical significance. In theory, it provides a new perspective for the study on Steinbeck, which can help people have a new understanding of Steinbeck; in practice, it can not only make people realize the significance of nature for human as well as the importance of individual self-improvement and renovation, but also push forward the implementation of the current environmental protection and the people-oriented social policies.更多还原