【作者】 郑洁；

【导师】 韩洪云；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业经济与管理， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 农村已婚女性是农村劳动力的重要组成部分,但其独特的家庭角色和人力资本特征,以及高额的心理情感成本均导致了其在流动迁移和工作搜寻过程中处于劣势地位。农村已婚女性劳动力工作迁移和转换的影响因素分析,无论从理论研究角度,还是政策制定而言,都具有重要的指导意义。本文在对相关文献回顾的基础上,选择以农村已婚女性劳动力为研究对象,探询影响农村已婚女性外出务工及工作转换的主要因素,为进一步认识我国劳动力市场、加快农村剩余劳动力转移提供理论及现实依据。首先,本文分析了农村已婚女性劳动力转移决定因素。以江西省浮梁县为研究区域,随机抽取了7个乡镇的329位农村已婚女性进行调查,利用二元Logisigc模型对影响其外出务工的因素进行分析,研究发现：保留工资、丈夫是否在外务工、家庭耕地规模及创业情况、社区经济发展水平与工作搜寻的努力程度会对农村已婚女性劳动力外出务工行为产生显著影响。对三类农村已婚女性劳动力未外出务工的原因做层次分析,发现信息获取渠道的缺失以及低人力资本导致农村已婚女性因工作搜寻及匹配失败而留在农村；照顾家庭及跟随丈夫是农村已婚女性外出或回流决策的重要考虑因素；高额的时间及生活成本迫使农村流动女性不得已将孩子留守,但结合案例分析显示,由此给留守儿童带来的不良影响不容小觑。其次,本文从劳动力供给角度对农村已婚女性劳动力工作搜寻与匹配现状进行了结构分析,发现文化素质及技能有限,导致其实际从事的行业及岗位与预期存在差异。与丈夫在同一地点以及务工地离家乡的距离是农村已婚女性选择工作的重要考虑因素。工资水平及家庭收益是影响农村已婚女性工作满意及匹配程度的两个关键。以预期工资与实际工资的差异作为工作匹配的衡量指标,发现农村已婚女性外出务工的工作匹配度并不高,更多的已婚女性外出务工时选择了工资低于预期的工作。最后,本文研究了农村已婚女性劳动力工作转换行为。对在外务工的196位已婚女性农民工工作搜寻转换行为分析发现：虽然非正式搜寻渠道在农村已婚女性信息获取方面发挥着主要效力；但其外出务工还将面临高额的工作搜寻成本和家庭情感成本。随后,对影响196位已婚女性农民工外出后工作转换的因素作实证分析,Logistic回归结果显示,家庭情感是影响已婚女性劳动力工作转换的最重要因素,与丈夫在同一城市和同一单位务工的农村已婚女性工作转换倾向较低。不同工作搜寻渠道会影响农村已婚女性的工作转换倾向；同时,已婚女性的年龄和受教育程度会显著影响劳动力的工作转换。职业培训作为专用人力资本投资,会降低已婚女性农民工的工作转换倾向；劳动力自主参与技能培训学校的培训对农村已婚女性工作转换具有显著正向作用。首份工作的低收入水平和高劳动强度会促使农村已婚女性进行工作转换。通过以上分析,本文认为：(1)工作搜寻渠道发展的不足以及信息获取的有限性是农村已婚女性劳动力外出务工以及工作匹配效率低下的关键。充分利用通讯与网络实时信息发布平台,完善全国统一的劳动力市场供需及岗位信息传递系统和信息服务体系,为农村剩余劳动力的工作搜寻及转移就业提供一个高效、统一和竞争性的劳动力市场环境。(2)人力资本和劳动技能是决定农村女性流动、工作搜寻与转换的主要因素。农村劳动力工作搜寻及就业能力的大小取决于她们文化水平和技术能力的高低。大力发展农村教育事业,增加对农村女性的职业技能和农村儿童的义务教育投入,以确保我国未来人力资本的有效供给。(3)农村已婚女性“就近转移”可以在提高家庭收入的同时兼顾家庭和降低外迁成本。通过加大对中西部地区产业改革和基础设施的投资力度,为农村已婚女性劳动力就近并高效实现转移就业提供现实基础。(4)工作收益差,社会福利保障缺失是造成已婚女性农民工进行职业转换或回流的重要原因。通过签订正式劳动合同、完善农民工的社会保障体系、规范企业用工模式,加大对农民工群体的人力资本投资,为我国未来经济的持续发展打造一支高技能、高素质的新型农民工队伍。更多还原

【Abstract】 Migrant married female workers, an important part of labor force in China, stay in a relatively and obviously disadvantaged situation in job searching because of its lower human capital, and higher family and psychological costs. The study on determinants on rural married female worker’s migration and job switching is a meaningful and realistic research topic both for theoretic research and policy suggestions.Based on a concerned literature review, this article takes the rural married female workers as the research object, includes job searching theory into the mechanism analysis of migrant decision-making, and tries to find factors influencing decisions of migrant and job mobility, which provides a theoretical and realistic basis for understanding the labor force market and accelerating the process of migrant rural surplus labor. This research first focuses on the Fuliang County in Jiangxi province, randomly selects329rural married female in7towns, and analysis determinants on the migration decision of married female worker in rural area with a logistic model. It finds that reservation wage, husband’s migration, the scale of planting area, family business, the economic development level of communities, and the level of job searching effort puts a significant impact on the migration decision of rural married female worker. By hierarchical reason analysis on three kinds of non-migrant married female worker, it shows that both the shortage of access to job information and human capital lower the efficiency of job matching and finally lead to the stays in the rural areas. The care for family and following with husband is the foremost consideration of move or back decision. Case analysis shows that the high cost of time and living forces migrant married female worker left children in rural hometown, which results in serious negative impact on left-behind children.Secondly, this paper analysis job searching and the market matching situation of migrant married female worker from the labor supply angel. It shows that, by the constraints of limited self-human capital and skill, the excepted occupation is different from the actual choice of migrant married female worker. Staying in the same place with husband and the distance with hometown is the foremost consideration of job searching for married female labor in rural areas. Wage and family income are two key factors affecting the level of job satisfaction and job matching. Using the difference between the excepted and actual wage as index to characterize the efficiency of job matching, it finds that the efficiency of job matching of migrant married female worker is low and most of them actually choose the job, of which the wage is lower than the excepted.Finally, this paper focuses on the job mobility of migrant married female worker. It shows that unofficial social network still plays a major role in job information access, at the same time, high job searching and family emotion cost is also along with the migration of married female. By empirical determinants analysis on job mobility of migrant married female worker, the result of logistic model shows that family emotion affects married female migrants significantly. Working in the same firm or in the same city with her husband is found to play a crucial role in the process of job mobility. Channels of job searching affect job mobility of married female migrant workers. Meanwhile, ages and education levels of sampled female population affect their job mobility. The training provided by the employers enriches the specific human capital and lowers job mobility accordingly. Individual’s active participation in the job training of training school makes married female migrant workers change job much often. The first job with lower income and higher labor intensity enhances the potential of female migrant workers’job mobility.Following conclusions could be drawn from above analysis:Firstly, limits of job information access, resulting from the lagging of information services, negatively affect the migration and job matching efficiency of married female labor in rural areas. In order to transfer the labor and vacancy information timely and provide a high effective, unified and competitive labor market environment, building a unified national information platform by communication and network is urgently needed.Secondly, the migration, job searching and job mobility is directive affected by human capital and skill level. The capability of job searching and employment depends on the education background and technical capability. To insure the efficient labor supply for the economy development in the future, it is necessary for government to increase the education investment on rural areas, especially on the career technical education of female worker and compulsory education of children.Thirdly, migration from nearby can help married female labor achieve both the goals of income improvement and family care at the same time, which so as to decrease the migration cost to a maximum extent. Increasing the investment on the industry reform and infrastructure in middle-west areas could be a help to provide a realistic basis for married female labor to migrant from nearby.Finally, low wages and inadequate of social welfare and security increases job separation and back to hometown rate for married female migrants. Employers must change and specify the traditional employment and management patterns, and need actively sign and implement the formal labor contract. More attention should also be given to the improvement of social welfare and human capital investment for migrant workers, which is a fundamental action to provide a new high-skill and high-quality labor force team of migrant workers for economy development in the future.更多还原