【作者】 王冬梅；

【导师】 刘文华；

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 ， 外国语言学及应用语言学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 一词多义可定义为一个语义单位包含两个或者两个以上相关的意思。一词多义的主要特点是可以在原有意思的基础上扩展出新的意思来表达新生事物的概念,其主要功能可以不改变单词的外在形式,而形成新的意义表达。随着社会的发展,大量的思想和事物日新月异,如果创造相应的新词来应对这种挑战,无疑会对人们的记忆力造成很大的负担。正是为了解决这一问题,一词多义发挥了重大的作用,通过一个词汇赋予多种意思解决这个难题。在认知的世界里,一词多义满足了社会发展的需要,认知语言学家们也从认知这个全新的角度阐释了一词多义。作为一种重要的语言现象,不同学派的语言学家也对其给予关注。这些语言学家大多从不同角度对一词多义表层变化进行了解释,但是他们没有掌握一词多义形成的主要原因。而随着认知语言学的发展,认知语言学家提出从更加信服和系统化的角度阐释一词多义。对与一词多义密切相关的成因问题,做出了令人满意的解释。这些问题包括,一词多义词所包含的多种意义之间的关系是什么?这些意思是怎样通过认知工具联系到一起的?认知语言学产生于上个世纪七十年代,由于不满足于语言学的形式,认知语言学独立成为了语言学的一个新兴的现代学派。认知语言学家把一词多义词看作在认知工具的作用下一个核心意思或者基本意思扩展出其他意思。在本篇论文中,关于一词多义认知观点以及一词多义词的内部结构都建立在范畴化的原型理论和理想认知模式的基础之上。原型结构理论以及家族相似性都是解释一词多义的主要认知方式。在此基础上,意象模式,转喻,隐喻同时也对一词多义的词义联系过程起了重要作用。本文一共分为五个章节。第一章作为引言简单介绍了一词多义的研究背景,研究目的,研究意义以及文章的整体结构。第二章文献综述探析了前人对一词多义的研究及局限性。本文较系统解释了形式语言学,以及其理论观点不能区分多义词与同形同音异义词。他们把一词想象归结为语言的复杂想象,实际应用中尽量避免使用。第三章为文章的理论框架,详细阐释了认知语言学,包括范畴化的原型结构以及理想的认知模式。范畴化可以定义在人们认识事物过程中的分类过程,因为这个世界是由不同的元素,形状和颜色构成的,范畴化对其进行了系统的分类。理想认知模式包括命题模式,意象模式,隐喻模式和转喻模式。第四章是本文的重点部分,在范畴化原型结构理论的基础上对一词多义进行了例证分析,展现了原型结构的特点。同时,意象模式,隐喻和转喻,作为一词多义的认知理据,也对其进行了详细的分析。意象模式在意义的构成及形成推论的过程中起到了关键作用。隐喻是一种思维方式,也就是将人们熟悉的事物映射到抽象的认知领域中,这样隐喻作为有力的认知工具解释抽象的概念。一词多义的意义扩展过程中,隐喻提供了理据。与隐喻相似,转喻也是意义扩展过程中最基本的认知工具之一。第五章是结论部分,对文章的全部内容进行了概括和总结,指出本研究对语言学习的启示,本文的局限,以及对后继研究的期望。总而言之,从认知视角对一词多义的分析对于英语教学与词汇教学产生了重大的影响。并且,隐喻和转喻,作为重要的认知工具,赋予许多新生事物概念。隐喻与转喻,在一词多义的意义扩展方面的关键作用不容忽视,因此,对于学习者来说要对认知工具给予重视。同时,随着社会的发展,一词多义的使用减轻了人们对于吸收新词汇的记忆负担。更多还原

【Abstract】 Polysemy is defined as a single linguistic unit containing two or more related meanings. The main feature of polysemy is that new meanings can be extended based on the existing words to express the concepts of new things. The main function of the polysemous words is to maintain the forms of the words while to add new meanings to the words. With the development of the world, a large number of ideas and things come into being each day. We would carry the unbearable burden by challenging our memory if we had to invent new word for the every new thing. In order to tackle such common challenge, polysemous words play an important part in stating an effective way to make one word bearing a variety of meanings. In the cognition of the society, polysemy meets the requirements of social development, furthermore, cognitive linguistics provide the polysemy with a new cognitive perspective. As an important linguistic phenomenon, linguists in different schools have paid much attention on the polysemy. The linguists took account of the external changes of the meanings of polysemous words from different perspectives, rather than underlying polysemy on basis of cognitive linguistics. Consequently, they can not understand the real reason for the formation of polysemy. With the development of cognitive linguistics, cognitive linguists analyze the polysemy from a more convincing and systematic viewpoints. They provide a satisfying explanation to the following questions:what is the relationship between the meanings of polysemy? How the meanings are connected by main cognitive mechanisms?Cognitive linguistics came into existence in1970s and it belongs to a modem school of linguistic thought because of dissatisfaction with formal approaches of linguistics. Cognitive linguists treat polysemy as a result of core or basic meaning extension within a word by the cognitive tools such as metonymy and metaphor. In this thesis, the cognitive viewpoint on polysemy and its inner structure are discussed on the theoretical foundation of Prototype Model of Categorization and Idealized Cognitive Models. The prototype model of category and family resemblance of all members explain the relationship between the meanings of a polysemous word. This thesis consists of six chapters.Chapter One is a brief introduction concerning the study, including the research background and purposes, the significance of the study, methodology and the outline of this thesis.Chapter Two is literature review, which involves the previous study of polysemy and their limitations. This chapter gives a systematic account of the formal school, but the viewpoint can not explain the difference between polysemy and homonymy. They regard polysemy as complicated and complex, and people should avoid using it.Chapter Three serves as the theoretical framework, which presents a detailed introduction to cognitive linguistics, including Prototype Model of Categorization and Idealized Cognitive Models. Categorization is defined as the mental process of classification when people refer to a type of thing, although the world is composed of various objects with different essences, shapes and colors. In cognitive linguistics, all the members of a category are similar to the prototypes and have a prototypical member with other members around it. Idealized Cognitive Models consist of propositional models, image schema models, metonymy models and metaphor models.Chapter Four exemplifies polysemous words according to Prototypical Model of Categorization Theory to display the features of prototype structure. Then image schema, metaphor and metonymy motivation of polysemy are discussed in detail. Image schema is central in the organization of meaning and in the formation of inferences on basis of meaning. Metaphor is a powerful cognitive instrument to conceptualize abstract categories as a way of thinking and it maps from source domain to target domain. Like metaphor, metonymy is one of the most fundamental mechanisms of meaning extension.Chapter Five is the conclusion, summarizing the whole thesis and pointing out the implications for language learning, limitations and suggestions for future study.In a word, the analysis of polysemy from the cognitive viewpoint has exerted significant influence on language teaching and vocabulary teaching. Moreover, as important cognitive tools, metaphor and metonymy are appropriate to conceptualize the world. Consequently, it is necessary for learners to study metaphor and metonymy which are essential in meaning extension of a polysemous categorization. Meanwhile, the polysemous words economize the burden of memorizing new words which appear with the development of the society.更多还原