【作者】 曹萌；

【导师】 孙燕山；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 刑法学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来，随着医疗科学的进步，器官移植这一被誉为是现代医学技术发展顶峰的医疗技术已经在我国广泛开展。根据有关报道，我国已经成为世界器官移植手术开展数量第二多的国家，仅次于美国。与此同时，人体器官的供需矛盾也在我国逐渐凸现出来，具体表现为人体器官买卖、以摘取人体器官为目的的故意伤害、故意杀人案件层出不穷。反观我国刑法分则的有关内容，明显落后于客观实际的发展，没有规定针对人体器官移植方面的犯罪。2011年5月1日《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（八）》正式实行，明确规定了组织出卖人体器官罪，这是我国有关器官移植立法的重要突破。然而，本罪只规定了简单罪状，加之相关理论研究不足，因此有必要对本罪概念的确定，本罪犯罪构成的认定，以及本罪与其它相关犯罪的界限问题展开探讨。本文通过对国外相关刑事立法以及我国刑法中有关组织他人出卖人体器官规定的比较，概括出对我国刑法中规定的组织出卖人体器官罪的概念，并对其犯罪构成，相关概念认定以及量刑方面做出全面分析，进而探讨现行规定中的缺陷，提出完善相关刑法条文以及建立相关制度的建议。主要分为三个部分。第一部分：主要介绍国内外关于人体器官买卖方面的相关立法现状。通过对西方发达国家两大法系不同做法的对比，结合我国香港，澳门，台湾地区有关法律法规的相关规定，从中发现对于我国有关组织出卖人体器官罪的借鉴意义。第二部分：以《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（八）》的相关规定为基础，具体分析我国组织他人出卖人体器官罪的有关理论问题，主要是对本罪的犯罪构成以及认定，本罪的罪数，犯罪形态，本罪与相关犯罪的区别等方面做详细的分析。在认定人体器官的概念问题上采用扩大解释的方法，将可以用来进行器官移植的人体组织涵盖在本罪调整范围之内。针对眼角膜是否应当归入人体器官的范围，笔者认为其不属于人体组织，只是一般的人体结构，如果强行归入本罪的调整范围恐违背罪刑法定原则。在组织出卖人体器官的犯罪构成方面，采用我国主流的四要件学说，认为本罪的主要客体是国家正常的经济秩序和医疗管理制度；客观方面主要表现为组织他人出卖人体器官；主观方面表现为直接故意；主体是一般主体，但是有必要规定单位犯罪。同时笔者认为本罪存在主观恶性相区分不明确，处罚范围狭隘，在执行附加财产刑时缺乏明确细致的标准等问题，在刑法与相关制度的配合上也不统一。第三部分：通过以上两个部分的分论述，挖掘我国刑法条文以及行政制度上存在的问题，针对上述问题，笔者从刑事立法和刑法相关配套度构建方面提出了完善建议，认为有必要出台司法解释澄清刑法理论问题，同时建立器官来源审查制度和器官移植资格审查制度，从源头上杜绝组织出卖人体器官行为。本文采用了比较分析法，文献资料法，跨学科分析法,理论与实务结合分析法四种不同的分析方式，对组织出卖人体器官罪的内涵和外延做出全面分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 In response to these problems, the author from criminal legislation and relatedadministrative system made perfect recommendations, consider it necessary to introducejudicial interpretation clarifying criminal law issues, while establishing eligibility system andorgan transplantation organs review system, to eliminate from the source organization sellinghuman organs. Medical technology has developed unprecedentedly in recent decades due tothe constant progress made in scientific arenas. Organ implant, as a highlight of contemporarymedical science, experiences an extensive development. Numerous reports pointed thatnumbers of organ implant operations in China come in the second place worldwide, onlybehind the United States. In the same time, problems are being created, such as human organstransactions, intentional injuries or murderers aiming to obtain organ. The Criminal Law isnot sufficient to address these issues, lacking regulations to combat crimes related to organimplant. It is a breakthrough that the law (Amendment Ⅷto the Criminal Law of the People’sRepublic of China) defines what is the crime of human organ trade by organizations on1stMay,2011. However, such simple description of the crime and inadequate research hasgenerated difficulties in ascertainment and affirmation of it as well as differentiating it fromothers.By comparing with foreign legal documents in terms of organizing trading human organ,the author firstly analyzes the definition, constitutive elements, related conceptions andpenalty measurement of the crime; then summaries the defects existing in current legalsystems before certain recommendations are drawn. This essay will be divided into threesections:Firstly, it will introduce both the domestic and foreign laws regarding human organtrading. By balancing the two major legal systems in western countries, in conjunction withwhat are regulated in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, the reference significance to oursystems will be shown.Secondly, based on regulations of Amendment Ⅷ to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, it will illustrate theoretical problems of organizing selling organ,especially constitutive elements and affirmation, quantity of crime, and differences betweenthis crime and others. Expand interpretation method will be used in determine what is humanorgan, and tissues that can be used for organ implant should be considered to be human organ.The author think cornea should be thought as normal human structure rather than tissuebecause otherwise will violate the principle of statutory offense. As for the crime of sellingorgan, the popular theory of Four Constitutive Element will be adopted, which are: the mainobject of this crime is the nation’s normal economic order and medical management system;objectivity are in forms of organizing people selling organ; subjects should have actual intent;the subject is an normal one, but has to be a unit crime. Also, other problems of this crimeexist, such as vagueness of subjective culpability of the mind, narrow scope of penalty,lacking standards about punishment for additional property, and disunion between criminallaw and other systems.Thirdly, according to what has been discussed, legal and institutional problems will bepresent and suggestions will be given. To combat these issues, a set of recommendations willbe given to consummate the criminal law and related systems. Also, it is imperative to initiatelaws to clarify such theoretical issues and establish the system of scrutinizing organ originsand implant, so that organizational trading human organ will be eradicated.Research methods in this essay include comparative analysis, literature study,interdisciplinary analysis and combination of theory and practice analysis, aiming to give acomprehensive analysis of the connotation and extension of the crime.更多还原