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霍克斯英译本《红楼梦》中委婉语翻译的伦理审视
On Hawkes’ Translation of Euphemisms in Hong Lou Meng——from the Perspective of Translation Ethics
【作者】 赵静;
【导师】 董晓波;
【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 , 英语语言文学, 2012, 硕士
【摘要】 英国汉学家戴维·霍克斯(David Hawkes)的英译本《红楼梦》,即The Story of the Stone,被普遍认为是归化的翻译风格。他以目标语读者所熟悉的表达方式再现了原著的艺术魅力,为《红楼梦》的海外传播做出了杰出贡献。本文以《红楼梦》中的委婉语为切入点,探讨霍克斯翻译策略的伦理理据。翻译伦理学是近年来翻译研究的一个热点。作为一种跨文化交往,翻译需要伦理学的指导来正确处理翻译活动中所涉及的种种人际关系、协调外来文化与本土文化之间的冲突。荷兰翻译理论家安德鲁·切斯特曼(Andrew Chesterman)在前人研究的基础上,总结出翻译伦理的四种模式,即再现、服务、交际、基于规范,并增加了承诺的伦理。前四种模式具有描写性质,后一种是他提出的职业规范。本文以前四种模式为理论依据,引用大量霍克斯委婉语翻译的实例,通过分析他采用的翻译策略,总结了他所遵从的伦理模式。研究表明,对于反映文化共性的委婉语,霍克斯总是尽力找到其在目标语中的对应形式,较多地采取直译和意译。对带有明显中国文化特色的委婉语,他则倾向于意译、注解、省略和移植。他的翻译策略整体呈现出归化的风格,而切斯特曼的四种伦理模式,在霍克斯的委婉语翻译中均有体现。他遵循再现的伦理极力再现了原文的委婉义,但当因文化差异的影响而无法完全再现原文,即再现伦理与规范伦理相冲突时,他有时以句内加注等方式予以协调,增进目标语读者对源语文化的了解;更多的时候则是遵循目标语的语言和文化规范,着重提高译本的可读性。正是以读者为取向的翻译伦理影响到他翻译策略的选择,使他的译本呈现出归化的风格。过于遵从目标语的规范易造成源语文化信息的流失,并因此而剥夺目标语读者了解异域文化的机会。规范是一个动态的概念,目标语读者的期待随时代发生着变化。在当前全球化的背景下,尊重差异的伦理观念愈加凸显出其重要性。译者在文学翻译中应尽量把语言的归化与文化的异化相结合,尊重并平等对待他国文化,适当保留源语文化的差异性,在翻译中寻求文化的共生与融合。
【Abstract】 Hawkes’English version of Hong Lou Meng, namely, The Story of the Stone, is widely considered to be of domestication style. Using linguistic expressions that are familiar to the target reader, he represents the artistic charm of the source text and plays a significant role in introducing Hong Lou Meng to the world. This thesis takes Hawkes’euphemism translation as key point and makes an investigation into the ethical motivation of his translation strategies.In recent years, translation ethics has become a hot topic in the circle of translation study. As a cross-cultural activity, translation needs ethics as its guidance to cope with various interrelationships involved and, to coordinate the conflict between the foreign and the domestic cultures. Andrew Chesterman, a translation theorist in the Netherland, bases his research on the previous studies, and summarizes four models of translation ethics, namely:ethics of representation, ethics of service, ethics of communication, norm-based ethics. And later he puts forward one more model:ethics of commitment, a professional commitment for translators. The first four models are of descriptive nature and the last one prescriptive. This thesis, thus, chooses the first four models as its theoretical foundation to investigate Hawkes’ ethical motivation. From a great number of cases, it can be found that: when translating euphemisms with cultural universality, Hawkes spares no efforts to find correspondences in the target language and mainly adopts literal translation and free translation; when it comes to the euphemisms reflecting cultural diversities, Hawkes resorts to free translation, amplification, omission and transplanting. On the whole, his translation is of domestication style. Chesterman’s four models of translation ethics are all reflected in Hawkes’translation practice and what he mainly follows are ethics of representation and norm-based ethics. He strives to represent the euphemistic color embodied in the source text. When ethics of representation conflicts with norm-based ethics due to cultural differences, he coordinates the contradiction by adding explanation between lines or by other methods. On more occasions, however, he chooses to follow the norm-based ethics, using the expressions that are familiar to the target reader in order to make his version intelligible and acceptable. Thus, his domestication strategies are motivated by his reader-oriented ethics.Finally, in some cases, it is Hawkes’ over-compliance to the norms of the target language that leads to the loss of some cultural elements in the source text and consequently deprives the target reader of opportunities to know more about the foreign culture. Since norm is a dynamic concept and the expectations of the target reader are changing with time, the translation ethics of "respecting differences" is becoming increasingly important in the background of the globalization. From a cultural point of view, a translator should respect and treat equally the foreign culture, and also retain appropriately the cultural differences embodied in the source text. In the translation practice, a translator is supposed to integrate domestication at the language level with foreignization at the culture level to seek the co-existence and fusion of different cultures.
【Key words】 Hong Lou Meng; Hawkes; euphemism translation; translation ethics; respecting differences;