【作者】 杨磊；

【导师】 赖非；

【作者基本信息】 山东艺术学院 ， 美术学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 石碑作为一种独特的石刻形式，源远流长，历代相承，具有清晰的发展脉络。汉魏晋南北朝是这一发展演变过程中的重要环节，它承前代之余绪，创造了石碑初步形制，发展至东汉桓灵时期，已十分成熟。魏晋石碑发展一度低靡。南北朝时复苏，成为隋唐乃至明清石碑形制的直接来源。根据历代金石文献、地方志、《水经注》及解放后考古新发现等统计，汉魏晋南北朝石碑可考可见者约700余件。在两汉、魏晋、南北朝不同时代，它们有不同的集中分布区域。受自然地理环境、社会政治、经济、文化、思想等因素的影响，各期各区域石碑之间表现出鲜明的区域特点。石碑碑首形制大致分为圆首、圭首、方首三大类，其中圆首类又细划为素面、晕纹、蟠龙、蟠螭四个亚类，三大类各自具有明显的形制特征及清晰的演化顺序。灵帝之前，圭首类碑数量最多，形制成熟完善；方首类碑数量居二，碑面多施画像；圆首类碑数量较少，形制多样。灵帝时期，石碑以圆首晕纹居多，北方地区出现圆首蟠龙类。方首类碑面简洁。献帝时期，四川地区出现圆首蟠螭类。魏晋石碑形制多为圭首类。南北朝则以圆首蟠龙类为主，石碑内容及装饰图案还多见佛教题材。在中国石碑发展过程中，石碑形制与功用密切关联。两汉时期，墓碑多为圭首类形制，古朴稚拙。功德碑多为圆首晕纹类形制，精美华丽。纪事碑为方首类形制，简洁纯朴。魏晋时期，墓碑鲜见，可见者形制朴素简单。功德碑多为圭首类，简朴瘦长。纪事碑为圭首类。南北朝时期，各类功能的石碑均以圆首蟠龙式样为主。汉魏晋南北朝石碑各类型的发展存在着明显的差异，造成这种差异的原因既有类型相互作用的结果，也有不同时代、不同地域石碑相互影响的因素。而且这些因素的共同作用，还使它们的发展呈现出明显的阶段特点。石碑作为中古时代的文化产物，它是人类征服自然、改造自然的物质文化的结晶，也是古代精神文明的外在表现。一件件冰冷的石碑被赋予了潜在的文化含义和人类无限的精神追求。它作为时代界标矗立于世，见证了中国古代社会历史的变迁，维系了时代精神的传统。更多还原

【Abstract】 Stone tablet, a distinctive form of stone-engraving, starts far backand runs a long, long course. Having been inherited from generation togeneration, it has an independent and integral development history. Han,Wei, Jin, South and North Dynasties (208BC-589AD) are an importantpart of its development. In this period, stone tablet shapes were createdand developed to perfection in Han Dynasty when Emperor Han andLing were in rein (132-189). In Wei, Jin Dynasties (220-420) stonetablet suffered a tough time, but recovered in South and North Dynasties(420-589). In the following Dynasties of Sui, Tang, Ming and Qing(589-1912), it was held up as a model for stone tablet development.According to past stone literatures, local histories, Commentary onthe Waterways Classic and new archeological discoveries after liberationof China, there are about700pieces of stone tablets in Han, Wei, Jin,South and North Dynasties that can be observed or textual researched.Seen from the map of concentration district of stone tablet, itsdistributions vary in different times. The tablets from different periodsand regions have presented unique qualities and at the same time theyinteract with each other due to influences by natural geographicalenvironment, social, political, economic, ideological factors.According to the distinct styles of stone tablet head, it can bedivided into three categories: round tablet, elongated pointed tablet, andsquare tablet. Among them round tablet can still be classified into foursubtypes: Sumian (undecorated), Yunwen (halo pattern), Panlong(curlingDragons), and Panchi(ancient China’s imaginary animal). Each categoryhas special shapes, contents and calligraphic styles. You can see clearlythe evolution and complicated interaction between different categories.Before Emperor Ling period (156-189), there were large quantities of elongated pointed tablets and their shapes were consummate. Squaretablets were rare and usually engraved with portraits. In addition, thenumber of round tablets was few and their shapes were diverse withoutuniformity. During Emperor Ling Period, Yunwen, round tabletwears relatively common. Panlong was also discovered in the North. Thesquare tablets at that time valued simplicity. During Emperor Xianperiod (181-234), the special Panchi, round tablet was discovered inSichuan. The elongated pointed tablets represented the most popularcategory of Wei, Jin Dynasties and Pan long of South and NorthDynasties. In addition Buddhism elements were also involved in theirshapes, contents as well as decorated patterns in South and NorthDynasties.In the long coursing of stone tablet development, shapes closelylink to their functions. For example, in West and East Han Dynastiestombstone were usually elongated pointed in shape and plain and na vein design while merit monuments tended to be Yunwen in shape andmagnificent and gorgeous in production. Moreover, chronicle tabletswere often made in square tablets and chartered in simplicity. Thescriptures tablets are undocumented now. In Wei, Jin Dynasties,tombstones continued to be na ve and plain and were rarely seen.However, merit monuments changed to be elongated pointed and slimand chronicle tablets were the same in shape with merit monuments.Scripture tablets were still disdocumented. In South and North Dynasties,all kinds of tablets were in Panlong, round shape. From above we canconclude that shapes of tablets are determined by their functions andmeanwhile influence their use.The distributions of stone tablets in Hans, WeiJin, South and NorthDynasties are irregular and their shapes are various, some simple, somedelicate. The reasons are complicated including differences in the evolution of each category, interaction of different groups, and alsomutual influences of different times and areas. All of these help shapedifferent characteristics of stone tablets in different stages.Stone tablets are product of China’s ancient culture and crystals ofmaterial culture created by human being after conquest andtransformation to the nature. They represent the spiritual civilization inancient times and have many culture connotations. Besides, they witnessthe changes of China’s society and history, bind our spirit of differentages.更多还原