【作者】 王芹；

【导师】 任以顺；

【作者基本信息】 中国海洋大学 ， 经济法学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 责任保险作为财产保险的重要组成部分，其主要作用是保证第三者在人身或财产受损时能够得到及时有效的经济补偿。新《保险法》第六十五条和第六十六条对我国责任保险制度作出了明确规定，其肯定了受害第三者具有直接请求权并设立了保险金止付制度等，这是一种立法的进步。对第三者责任保险法律进行深入研究，首先应明确责任保险的基本理论问题，包括责任保险的内涵及历史演进、第三者直接请求权的内涵与国内外立法例等。责任保险是指以被保险人对第三者依法应负的赔偿责任为保险标的的保险。其产生于19世纪初期的欧美国家，经历了一百多年的发展历程，纵观世界保险业的发展，美国与日本的责任保险发展最为典型。第三者直接请求权是指受害第三者在满足法定条件时请求保险人直接给付保险合同规定的赔偿范围内的保险金的权利。对于第三者直接请求权性质的理解，目前主要有四种学说:法定权利说、原始取得说、权利移转说和责任免脱给付说，其研究重心虽各有不同，但都肯定第三者直接请求权的存在。其次有必要对我国责任保险法律规范的利弊进行分析，具体而言，法律规定了第三者直接请求权的行使主体和行使要件，设立了限制被保险人领取保险金制度,明确责任保险相应费用的承担主体，真正为第三者行使权利提供了实体法依据，提高了责任保险理赔效率，促进责任保险理论进一步发展。但这些规定在实践中仍然引发了不少争议，存在一些缺憾。一是在第三者直接请求权问题上，对确定赔偿责任和赔偿数额的规定不详尽，缺乏认定被保险人“怠于请求”行为的具体标准，忽视保险人对第三者的抗辩权。二是在责任保险的其他规定中，缺乏被保险人未向第三者赔偿的判断标准，对保险人审查义务的规定不全面，对必要、合理费用范围的界定也过于笼统。对于此类不足，我国目前尚无法律作出明文规定，也无相关权威部门进行解释，因此亟需深入研究和系统规范。完善责任保险法律主要是针对第三者直接请求权制度及相关规定，是正确实施法律的需要，是实现社会管理功能的需要，是健全责任保险法律体系的需要，故应尽快开展对责任保险法律的立法或解释工作。在分析责任保险法律规定的合理性、缺憾和完善必要性后，随之就是如何对其进行改进和完善的问题。对于“赔偿责任确定”，肯定多种赔偿责任确定方式，既可采用法院判决和仲裁裁决，也可采用保险人、被保险人和第三者之间达成的责任承担协议；而具体赔偿数额则需要经保险人核定后才能确定。在认定被保险人“怠于请求”行为时，凭借时间标准和行为标准，一是以法律规定或责任保险合同约定的通知时限和索赔时限为判断标准，二是建立第三者、保险人与被保险人之间的“直接求赔－催促索赔－直接赔偿”制度。探讨保险人的抗辩权，区分不同性质责任保险保险人对第三者的抗辩权也很有必要，具体区分为不附抗辩事由的抗辩权和附抗辩事由的抗辩权两种类型，区别适用不同规定。对第三者直接请求权以外其他规定的完善，具体而言，明确被保险人具有向第三者充分赔偿的义务，明确保险人对被保险人赔付行为具有审查义务并承担连带责任，界定必要、合理费用的具体范围。更多还原

【Abstract】 Liability insurance is an important part of property insurance; its main role is toensure that the third party could be able to receive timely and effective economiccompensation in the body or property damage. Article65and Article66of the new"Insurance Law" explicit provisions on the liability insurance system in China, itclearly defines that the third victim has a direct claim and sets up a system about theinsurance money to stop payment and so on. This is a kind of legislative progress.In-depth study of third party liability insurance law, first of all, that should be clearabout the basic theory of liability insurance, including connotation and historicalevolution of liability insurance, the connotation and domestic and foreign legislationof the direct claim of a third party, and so on. Liability insurance refers to the liabilityto the third party of the insured which should be an insurance sign according to thelaw. It produces in European and American countries in the early19th century, andhad experienced more than100years. Looking at the international insurance market,the United States and Japan’s liability insurance is most typical. The direct claim of athird party refers the third party to request the insurer paying direct compensationwithin the scope of the rights provided when the statutory conditions are met.Regarding the direct claim of a third party, there are four main theories: The legalright theory, the original acquisition theory, the right shifting theory and theresponsibility shirking theory. Although the focuses of those research are different,but there is certainly a direct claim of a third victim.Secondly, it is necessary to analyze the pros and cons of our liability insurance lawsand regulations. Specifically, the law stipulates the subject and conditions of the directclaim of a third party, setting up a system to limit the insured to receive the insurancemoney, pointing out the commitment of appropriate liability insurance costs, trulyproviding the substantive law basis for the third party to exercise the right, improvingthe efficiency of a liability insurance claim, promoting the further development of thetheory of liability insurance. But they still cause much controversy when the law isapplied in practice, there are some drawbacks. First of all, it is not exhaustive todeterminate the compensation responsibility and the compensation amount of the direct request of a third party, it lacks of specific standards to find the insured’s"failure to request" behavior, and ignores the right of the insurer to give effect to thethird party. Second, in other provisions relating to liability insurance, it lacks ofstandards of compensation for the insured to the third party, reviewing provisions ofthe obligations of the insurer is not comprehensive, and defining the scope ofnecessary and reasonable costs are too general. Regarding this kind of insufficiency,our country still did not have the law to make the regulations at present, also noauthorities explained, therefore the law needs for in-depth research and systemspecification. The liability insurance legislation consummates mainly aims at thedirect claim of a third party system and related provisions, it is the need of lawenforcements correctly, the need of realization social management function and theneed of sounding liability insurance legal framework. Therefore our country shouldcarry out the liability insurance law legislation or the explanation work as soon aspossible.After the analysis of the liability insurance’s rationality, imperfection andimprovement of necessity, and as is the question of how to improve and perfect it."Liability determined" has certainly a variety of liability to determine the way, eitherusing court decisions and arbitral awards, or using the agreement which achieve toundertake the responsibility between the insurer, the insured and the third party; butthe specific amount of compensation should be determined by the insurer. Inidentifying the insured "failure to request" behavior, it can relies on the time standardand the behavior standard, First, the agreed notice period required by law or liabilityinsurance contracts and claims the time limit for the criterion, the second is toestablish " direct claim-urge claim-direct indemnity" system among a third party.Discussion on the insurer’s right of defense, it is also necessary to distinguish thedifferent nature of liability insurance the insurer to a third party right of defense, andthe concrete discrimination for does not attach contradicts the matter and attachescontradicts the matter two kind of types. The difference is suitable the differentstipulation. In addition to the direct claim of a third party, the other provisions need toconsummate. In particular, other provisions clearly insure obligations of fullcompensation to third parties for the injured, the insurers must review obligations tothe insured for payment and assume the joint and several liabilities, the law shoulddefine the specific scope of necessary and reasonable expenses clearly.更多还原