【作者】 李小林；

【导师】 张而立；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 外国语言学及应用语言学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 幽默在字典里定义如下：幽默是特别的认知经验引起笑声和提供娱乐的倾向。幽默是一种能力或倾向，认为事情很有趣，或你说出有趣的事情，以证明你有这个能力。或者某种事物具有可笑性，并引人发笑---朗文当代高级英语在线辞典。牛津高阶英汉双解英语中幽默被定义为有趣或滑稽的特征。美国传统英语词典解释幽默是可笑的或滑稽的特性，或表达什么是滑稽，诙谐的内容等等。在如下网站它被认为是“可笑，荒谬或不协调的带来诙谐的特性”，“感知什么是有趣或可笑的能力”，“或试图变得滑稽或有趣的情况”。在下面网站，幽默是“沉默的声音”，“是有趣的东西，带有很多幽默的笑，有趣的事，使人们开怀大笑，或者是幽默让人思考得更多。幽默的意思是“有趣的和具有深刻的意义的东西（通常和说话和行为相关）。”根据中国现代汉语词典。幽默是一种沟通的艺术，它可以解决的说话者之间的尴尬，减轻生活的负担和压力。幽默是一种说话者之间建立一个轻松的气氛。幽默风趣的语言，涉及一个人的深刻思考，甚至可以有讽刺的作用。幽默可以帮助人解决尴尬的情况。有幽默感的人在社会交往中更容易被接受，而且幽默感可以帮助与陌生人沟通，解决尴尬局面。幽默是一个长期研究的问题，幽默的相关理论可以追溯到古希腊的柏拉图和亚里士多德时代，并在以下时代不断修改和制订。幽默吸引不同学科的学者对其进行研究，这代表了幽默研究的多角度性。如哲学，文学，语言学，社会学，人类学，美学等学者都对幽默做出了努力的研究。几个世纪以来，幽默通常用来指人的情绪或精神状态。然而，这并不是幽默定义的最后结论。康格里夫（1984）说：“要定义的幽默是很难的，因为它有无限的意义”（帕尔默，1994:39）学者把幽默分为不同类别。一些以幽默的结构为基础，而另一些是基于语义的内容，有讽刺，轶事，模仿，笑话，搞笑，卡通，双关和政治幽默，性幽默和宗教幽默等等。许多学者从心理学角度研究幽默，形成了具有影响力的三大幽默理论即优越论、乖讹论和释放轮。几个世纪以来，幽默的研究有了很大的进步，从语言学角度，语义学，句法学，文体学和语用学方面的研究为幽默提供了更宽的视野和更新的角度。Raskin（1985）的脚本理论（Script Theory of Humor（SSTH））及之后Attardo与Raskin合作提出的普通言语幽默理论（General Theory of VerbalHumor(GTVH)）是从语义的角度对幽默研究的重要理论。而从语用角度对幽默进行的研究也很丰富，比如Grice的合作原则，Austin的言语行为理论等等。对语言的研究趋势已经呈现了多视角多层次的格局。幽默语言作为幽默的主要表现形式在我们的生活中很常见。言语幽默是语言的精粹部分。在日常生活中言语幽默的应用使人们在笑声中启迪思想，交流感情，拉近彼此的距离。本文选取语用学中的合作原则理论作为理论去框架研究言语幽默，格莱斯的合作原则理论自提出以来对于语用学的发展有着深远的影响。对于分析会话中幽默的效果是如何产生的，礼貌原则，关联理论和合作原则仍然是最有效的御用原则。合作原则指出为了保证交际得以顺利进行，交际双方应该互相合作，提供真实，充足，简洁明了并与谈话内容相关的信息。该原则包含四个准则，即量准则，质准则，关系准则以及方式准则，遵循合作原则及其准则才能取得最有效的交际效果。对合作原则及其各次则的违反则会导致会话含义的产生。然而在幽默话语中，为了制造幽默效果，会话人常常可以违反合作原则中的某个准则以荒谬的方式刻意制造笑点取得夸张、讽刺、搞笑、自嘲等幽默效果。通过对美国黄西脱口秀语料的收集和统计分析，作者得出如下结论：言语幽默和合作原则，关联理论以及礼貌原则以及其他相关语用学理论关系密切。充分利用和违反相关理论和原则是制造脱口秀幽默的有效途径。并分析了脱口秀中言语幽默效果的产生和如何制造言语幽默。在言语幽默的转达过程中听众的兴趣和对文化背景的了解是非常重要的因素。脱口秀的欣赏和学习也是英语学习者的一种有效的学习方式。提高英语水平的同时能提高学习兴趣。更多还原

【Abstract】 Humor has been defined in various dictionaries as follows:Humor is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughterand provide amusement.Humor is explained as “The ability or tendency to think that things are funny, orfunny things you say that show you have this ability.” What’ more,“the quality insomething that makes it funny and makes people laugh.” in Longman Dictionary ofContemporary English on line.It is defined as “quality of being amusing or comic” in Oxford AdvancedLearner’s English-Chinese Dictionary.Humor is annotated as “The quality of being laughable as well as comical andthe ability to understand or express what is comical, witty, etc.” in the AmericanHeritage Dictionary of the English Language.It is considered as “a comic, absurd, or incongruous quality causing amusement”,“the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical”,“an instance of being orattempting to be comical or amusing” from Dictionary. Com.Humor is“the sound of silence”,“something funny, laugh with lots of humor,funny makes people laugh, otherwise humor makes people think more. In theWebopedia baike.baidu.comHumor means “anything (usually talking and behavior) interesting as well ashaving deep meanings.” according to Chinese dictionary Xian Dai Han Yu Ci Dian.Humor is the art of communication which can resolve the embarrassmentbetween speakers, lessen burden and pressure of daily life. Humor is a way to build arelaxing atmosphere among speakers. Humorous language involves profound thinkingof one person that can even have a role of sarcasm.Humor can help people out of embarrassment from the situation. Those guyswith sense of humor are more accepted in social communication, and what’s morehumor can help communicate with strangers, and resolve embarrassing situation. Humor is a long history research issue, the premier theory of humor can berelated back to era of Plato and Aristotle in Ancient Greece, and is revised anddeveloped continuously in the following era. The topic of humor appeals many ofscholars from different disciplines. That presents multi-angle research of humor.Scholars such as philosophy, literature, linguistics, sociology, anthropology, andaesthetics and so on make great efforts on research of humor including defininghumor from diverse angles.Through the centuries, the term had changed which comes to refer to one’s moodor state of mind in a very general sense. However, there is not final conclusion for thedefinition of humor. As Congreve (1984) says:”To define humor is difficult for it is ofinfinite variety”.Scholars also categorize humor into different classifications. Some are based onthe structure of humor, whereas others are based on the semantic content. There aresatire, anecdote, irony, farce, parody, joke, comedy, cartoon, pun and political humor,sexual humor, religious humor.Lots of scholars work on humor from psychology and form three importantconventional theories of humor which are called superiority theory, incongruity theoryand relief theory. Study on humor has made a lot of progress and from differentaspects over the centuries. Linguistically, studies such as semantics, syntax, stylisticsand pragmatics promoted widely and newly angle for humor study. Semantic scripttheory of humor (SSTH) and the general theory of verbal humor (GTVH) are twomain theories from semantic angle. Interaction between language and cognition isstudied. Research on humor from the aspect of pragmatics such as presupposition,cooperative principle, speech act theory and relating theory are also studied bylinguists in different countries.As the main form of humor, verbal humor is most frequently seen in daily life. Itis the very essence of human language. Using verbal humor can make people in theconversation laugh during the talking process; inspire people’s thinking ability andexchange of their feelings. Furthermore, it helps people get much closer to oneother. Grice’s cooperative principle (cp) makes it quite clear that how it is realized for the speakers to suggest more than what is literally said and for the hearer tounderstand. It is an important contribution to study of the pragmatics. CP claims thatthe polite principle, relevance theory and cooperative principle are most effective interms of analyzing the verbal humor. According to the linguist Grice, there are fourmaxims in terms of cooperative principle: Quantity Maxim, Quality Maxim, RelationMaxim and Manner Maxim. It explains how it is feasible to mean more than what isreally expressed, and also plays an important role in the production of conversationalimplication. Definition of the four maxims is given in this thesis. Detailed and clearanalysis of the violation of each maxim is showed. However, speakers often violatesome of the maxims to achieve the effect of exaggerated, ironic, and funny role inhumorous conversation.After the collection of American talk show of Joe Huang and statisticanalysis, the author concludes that: Firstly, there are close relationshipbetween verbal humor and CP, relevance theory and politeness principle. Throughthe analysis of the verbal humor, the author talks about how to make verbal humor inthe conversation. Most of the verbal humor in the American talk showachieved the humorous effect by violating the different maxims of thecooperative principle. Sometimes, the joke in the American talk shows violatesthe maxims and utilizing relevance theory purposely in order to make funof some guys or even the speaker himself in the program.A foreign language teacher can introduce knowledge of pragmatics in Englishclass, such as talk show jokes to explain some language obstacles, guide the student tounderstand the deep meaning of the language material by means of pragmatics. It canpromote interest of students and their background knowledge. During the process ofEnglish learning, the sense of English humor can be cultivated gradually更多还原