【作者】 张敏；

【导师】 胡文成；

【作者基本信息】 重庆大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 《榆树下的欲望》被认为是尤金奥尼尔创作的最优秀的悲剧。批评家已从各个视角对该戏剧进行过研究，但结合巴赫金的狂欢化诗学理论对其进行评析的评论家相对较少。本文从巴赫金的狂欢理论出发，分析《榆树下的欲望》的场景、事件、人物，从而挖掘出这部戏剧中所涵的狂欢双重性特征.狂欢双重性是指世界、事件、人格所具有的相反两极同一性、肯定否定的共生性以及过去未来的共时性。作为巴赫金狂欢诗学的重要概念，，它存在于巴赫金对中世纪的民间狂欢文化阐述的各个方面。简单来说，狂欢双重性体现在以下方面：宏观世界的双重性（官方与非官方的双重存在），事件变化所蕴含的双重性，主观人格的双重性。官方与非官方的双重存在即为宏观世界的双重性；双重的人格则往往由人类本身所生活的双重环境多决定。狂欢双重性的核心是新旧事物的更新，死亡与重生的共存性。本论文第一章第二章为引言和文献综述，论文主体则分三个部分，从三个方面揭示论证《榆树下的欲望》的狂欢双重性。它首先分析农场这一狂欢广场的狂欢的双重性，论证其在社会压力和父权统治极度膨胀下走向传统的反面——成为一个与传统对立的狂欢化场景。愚蠢的智父，儿子们的疯癫，卡波特一家的嗜酒，父子的打斗，母子乱伦都使得这个农场成为一个典型的狂欢广场。人们在不断的变化和动荡之中。这种动荡加快了新旧更新，促进人类社会的发展。狂欢下的农场人物的处于异化状态。奥尼尔运用人物的异化示例旨在敦促观众和读者警示物质主义的扩张和人类情感的异化，防止人类退化，丧失人格及可贵人性，在揭示人类内在问题的同时也针砭时弊，为人类敲响警钟。第二部分进一步分析各种事件的狂欢双重性，在论文开头首先阐述了“事件”的概念特征，事件是指官方世界和非官方世界当中的变化存在。戏剧中的事件都同人物膨胀的欲望相关，这种欲望又有其对立面：忤逆的儿子继承父亲的个性和人格特征；仇恨与情爱共存，尽管艾本仇恨地认为爱碧是对她拥有其母农场的持久威胁，这种仇恨不是单一存在的，而是混杂两种相反的情感：由最初的占有欲发展到最后的爱情。另外一个狂欢事件是爱碧弑子。爱碧杀死两人的儿子证明对于艾本的爱。该事件具有另一层涵义：这是一种拯救了二人将死灵魂祭祀行为。这一系列的狂欢事件的双重性体现矛盾的世界存在没有绝对性，一切都处在可能与变化当中。第三部分着重讨论在官方和非官方双重环境控制下人物所产生的双重人格。双重人格具有两种特征，它既体现在单一主人公本身的矛盾属性，也体现在不同主人公之间的矛盾属性上。艾本和父亲艾弗瑞姆具有互补人格，彼此间性格对立且相互否定，但同时又具有人格上的一致性；爱碧和艾本之间属相类人格，彼此可以作为对方的镜像存在。父亲艾弗瑞姆本身具有矛盾人格，是一个愚钝的聪明人，在狂欢节的广场上，他不再是一农场上的国王，而是一个被嘲弄戏谑的对象，而他自己却还懵懂不知儿子与他妻子偷情乱伦产子这一真相。结语指出《榆树下的欲望》是一部典型的狂欢化戏剧，它充分体现了巴赫金的狂欢诗学的双重性特征：与官方对立的狂欢节场景，富含更新与更替精神的事件，以及双重环境下具有双重人格的主人公。万物皆处于变化之中。更多还原

【Abstract】 Desire under the Elms is considered an excellent tragedy Eugene O’Neill evercreated. Critics have studied this drama from varied perspectives, but few haveevaluated this play in the light of Bakhtin’s carnival duality. By interpreting this tragedyin the light shed by Bakhtin’s carnivalesque theory, it is argued that this play ischaracteristic of carnival duality.Carnival duality refers to the synchrony of the official world and the nonofficialworld, and the co-existence of subversion and invigoration in events, and the identity ofpositive and negative of the human attributes. As an important concept in BakhtinCarnival Poetics, it can be found in his many interpretations of Medieval Folk carnivalculture. Simply speaking, the carnival duality is usually reflected in the followingrespects: the official world and the non-official world, the event that consists of doublemeaning, the characters have double personalities because of the official and unofficialsocial environment. And the core of carnival duality is the nature of alteration of thenew and the old and the co-existence of the death and the rebirth.Chapter one and Chapter two are the introduction to the thesis and the literaryreview. The main body of this thesis has three parts; it studies carnival duality of DesireUnder the Elms from three aspects. It first examines the duality of the farm, a truecarnival square. It is the foolishness of the wise father, the madness of the sons, thedrunk of the Cabots, the fight between father and son, the incest of Abbie and Eben, andthe infanticides make the farm a place for everyone to live a canivalized life. The life onthe farm reveals that the state of human being is always turning and altering, and it is inthis kind of state that men and the world achieves long lasting development. What’smore, it also studies the animalization of the characters, and uses these examples just tomake audience and readers aware the expansion of materialism and the weird turbulenceof people’s emotions, which can degrade the dignity of human being, deprive men’sstatus and may smash the noble manhood into pieces. In this way, Eugene O’Neillpoints out man’s inner problems and world’s outer malpractice of that time, and warnspeople to be on the alert for them.The second part focuses on the discussion of carnival events: the changingoccurrence caused by the official society and the carnival society. And all thesecarnivalistic events are associated with men’s desires. The sons disobey and even fight with their father, but at same time they have the similar personalities and characteristicsinherited from Ephraim. The hatred is another carnival event in the play, because Abbieis a potential threat to Eben for inheriting the farm, which he always claims to belong tohis”Maw”, but this hatred also cannot stand alone and it is characterized as twodimensioned, as well. It is juxtaposed with the opposite emotion: possiblypossessiveness at the beginning, and love in the end. Another carnival event to beanalyzed in this chapter is the infanticide. Abbie kills her son to prove her love for Eben,thus the crime is committed. However, it bears another deep meaning: it can be regardedas a sacrificial act which is generative to redeem their souls. This suggests that nothingis absolute in the contradictory world where we dwell and anything is possible, which isvery useful for person to understand the event happens every day in a dynamic way.The third part analyzes the characters’ dual personalities caused by the official andnonofficial environment. There are two kinds of dual personalities: the dual personalityone character shows and the dual personality two characters shows. Ephraim has dualpersonalities in the carnival on the farm: on the one hand, he is a wise man withintelligence and authority, and on the other hand he is a foolish man laughed by othersfor his ignorance of the incest between his son and his young wife. Eben and Ephraimhave opposite personalities, and their personalities are in complementary with eachother. Abbie and Eben are with twin personalities for one mirror the other.From the study above, the thesis draws the conclusion: Desire under the Elms is aplay carnivalized with carnival duality. It shows repeatedly from many angles to reflectthe core of duality features: both in official and non-official dual existence or in theevent of a double meaning, or in the personality of the contradictory oneness,everything is in constant death and rebirth.更多还原