北宋茶业专卖政策探析

【作者】 高飞；

【导师】 安国楼；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 专门史， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 本文探析了北宋时期茶业经济政策的历史变迁,并对处于不同发展阶段的茶业政策进行了描述,比较了它们之间的异同,试图探析北宋的茶业经济政策是如何在这样一个承前启后的历史时期发展和演变,力图诠释出茶业经济在北宋时期作为特殊商品所扮演的历史角色,以及对北宋社会产生的重要影响。茶叶从唐代开始逐渐被人们所接受和喜爱,并迅速发展成为一种重要的经济产业。在北宋时期,秦岭淮河以南广袤的山峦丘陵地带出现了大量大小不一的茶园,许多茶叶专业户从事着面向市场的商品生产。在汴京等大城小镇也出现了大量的茶店茶肆。在普通百姓日常生活中,茶叶成为必需消费品。饮茶的风尚还传播到了周边国家和地区,构成了巨大的商品流通网络。在中国经济发展史上,两宋三百年居于重要地位,而茶业经济的兴起则是这个时期商品经济空前发展的一个标志性现象。在北宋时期,茶业经济的活跃,影响到了北宋社会的政治、经济、军事、文化等各个方面。茶叶成为与盐、酒并列的重要专卖商品,它不仅是北宋政府财政收入的重要来源,而且是北宋军事后勤保障的重要战略物资。北宋政府制定了详密的茶叶专卖制度,使国家、生产者、商人之间联系起来,并由此在政府和商人之间形成了错综复杂的利益关系,在茶业经济政策的发展他们之间中有合作也有斗争,是他们对利益的争夺在幕后推动着茶业经济政策的不断演变。同时在北宋社会中,重商思想开始蔓延在北宋社会的角落,商人阶级开始崛起。随着官僚、商人、地主三位合一身份的逐渐重合,商人的力量也随之觉醒和壮大。在专卖制度中,政府也不得不与他们合作分利来借用他们运用商业资本的能力,北宋茶业专卖政策也正是在北宋政府和商人对茶利的争夺中曲折发展。全文共分为三个部分,首章回顾了茶业发展的历史和新兴的茶业经济对整个社会的渗透和影响,以及唐代、五代十国时期的茶业专卖政策。茶叶在唐宋时期大规模进入普通百姓家庭直接反映了当时的社会经济发展,说明了当时生活消费水平的提高,而南方经济的发展也为茶业经济在北宋时期的发展奠定了基础。在第二部分则论述了北宋茶业专卖政策的变化和北宋茶法改革者对茶法的影响,并对北宋茶业专卖政策在不同时期、不同产茶地区的施行情况作了描述,论述了川茶的禁榷情况,并对北宋茶业专卖政策中具有代表性的入中折中法、嘉祜通商法和政和卖引法做了具体阐述。在最后一个部分则分析了在北宋茶业专卖政策施行中,政府、商人和园户的关系,论述了北宋茶业专卖下私茶的兴盛和政府对私茶的打击措施,并探析了北宋茶业专卖政策对自由贸易的遏制和对宏观财政、商品经济的影响。尽管封建社会强权肆虐,但专卖制度的长期存在是不能单单以封建政权的蛮横和对财富的贪婪来简单解释的,对北宋茶业专卖制度的探究和批判,也应当考虑到当时特殊的时代背景,从多方面进行分析,这些初步的体会,在最后结语中做了扼要总结。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, the Northern Song period of the tea industry of the historical changes in economic policy, and at different stages of development policy of the tea industry are described and compared the similarities and differences between them to try the tea industry in the Northern Song Dynasty of economic policies is how such a link between past and future historical period of development and evolution, trying to interpret the tea industry in the Northern Song period of economic goods as a special historical role played by, as well as the Northern Song Dynasty created an important impact on society.Tea from the Tang Dynasty began to be accepted and loved, and quickly developed into an important economic industry. In the Northern Song period, the Huaihe River south of the Qinling mountains vast hilly areas a large number of tea gardens of various sizes, many tea specialized households engaged in market-oriented commodity production. Bianjing town in the big city, such as there have been a large number of tea shops. Ordinary people in everyday life, tea has become necessary consumer goods. Tea drinking culture also spread to the neighboring countries and regions, which constitute a huge network of circulation of commodities. The history of economic development in China, occupies an important position of Song three hundred years, and the tea industry is the rise of the economy during this period the development of commodity economy, a sign of unprecedented phenomenon.In the Northern Song period, the active tea industry, the impact of the Northern Song Dynasty of the political, economic, military and cultural aspects. Tea has become with salt, tied for the major wine monopoly commodities, it is not only a Northern Song government an important source of revenue, and the Northern Song Dynasty military logistical support is an important strategic material. Government has drawn up a meticulous Northern Song Dynasty tea monopoly system of the country, producers, traders linked, and thus between the government and the business interests of the formation of the complex relationship between the tea industry in the development of economic policy in their cooperation is also the struggle is to fight for their interests behind the scenes to promote the tea industry in the evolving economic policies. At the same time, the Northern Song society, pro-business ideology began to spread in the corner of the Northern Song society, businessmen have begun to emerge class. With the bureaucracy, businessmen, landowners gradually the identity of the three-one coincidence, businessmen also the awakening of the strength and growth. In the monopoly system, the government has no choice but to work with them to use their benefit to the use of the ability of commercial capital, the Northern Song Dynasty tea monopoly policy is the government and businessmen in the Northern Song Dynasty tea benefit the development of competition in the twists and turns.The full text is divided into three parts, the first chapter reviews the history of the development of tea industry and the tea industry in emerging economy and the infiltration of society as a whole, as well as the Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Ten States period tea monopoly policy. Tea in the Tang and Song Dynasties family of large-scale access to ordinary people a direct reflection of the prevailing socio-economic development shows that at the time the improvement of living and spending levels, while the South’s economic development as well as economy in the tea industry during the Northern Song Dynasty laid the foundation for the development. In the second part discusses the policy of the Northern Song Dynasty tea monopoly changes and the Northern Song Dynasty Tea Act Tea Act reformers on the impact of the Northern Song Dynasty tea monopoly policies at different times, different tea regions described the implementation discussed Hancock Ban Chuan tea, the tea industry and the Northern Song Dynasty monopoly policy representative to the compromise of law. trade law and political and jiayou cited law made the sale in detail. In the final analysis a part of the tea industry in the Northern Song Dynasty monopoly policy, the Government, businessmen and the relationship between park operators, discussed the Northern Song Dynasty tea tea sales flourished under private and government measures to crack down on private tea and tea of the Northern Song Dynasty industry monopoly policy of containment of free trade and macro-financial, commodity economy. Despite the raging power of feudal society, but long-standing monopoly system is not only unreasonable to the feudal regime and the greed of wealth to a simple interpretation of the Northern Song Dynasty tea monopoly system and critical inquiry, it should be taken into account the background of the times when special and wide-ranging analysis, the initial experience, in the final conclusion made a brief summary.更多还原