优秀运动员心理健康现状及相关因素研究

【作者】 郭玉江；

【导师】 周毅刚；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 竞技体育是以夺取比赛优胜为主要目标的社会体育活动,对运动员的身体能力和心理能力要求极高。因此重视优秀运动员的心理健康,提高他们的综合素质,对于提高他们的运动成绩是至关重要的。运动员为高应激性人群,是身心负荷繁重的群体,因此重视优秀运动员的心理健康研究,是保持竞技体育可持续发展的需要。从“以人为本”、“人文关怀”出发,也需要关注这一特殊群体的心理健康问题。本研究在前期研究的基础上,进一步对优秀运动员心理健康状况进行深入地探讨,采用《心理健康测查量表(PHI)》、《运动员运动疲劳问卷》、《社会支持评定量表》(SSRS)、《领悟社会支持量表》(PSSS)、《中国运动员应对量表》、自编《心理调查问卷》对205名一级以上现役优秀运动员进行调查,运用SPSS10.0数据统计软件包进行统计分析。结论与建议如下:(1)优秀运动员心理健康状况不容乐观。心理问题检出率比较高;与全国青少年相比,躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、病态人格、兴奋状态因子存在非常显著性差异(p＜0.001),优秀运动员的症状明显。建议运动队建立心理咨询室,培养专门的运动心理咨询师,利用团体辅导、个别辅导、咨询讲座等手段对运动员进行心理健康教育和心理健康咨询。(2)优秀运动员心理健康水平存在性别、运动等级、年龄、入队年限、学历差异。且年龄进入对心理健康总分的回归方程。建议给予女运动员、低等级、新队员、低学历的运动员更多人文关怀。(3)优秀运动员心理健康水平与运动疲劳程度密切相关,且多数因子之间相关系数达到了显著性水平;高疲劳组与低疲劳组之间除兴奋状态因子外其他几项因子均存在显著性差异,高疲劳组的症状明显,运动疲劳中的体力/情绪耗竭因子进入对心理健康总分的回归方程,且可解释量最大。建议注意优化训练环境,丰富训练方法,制定科学的作息制度,充分调动运动员训练的积极性,从而缓解运动疲劳对运动员心理造成的伤害。(4)优秀运动员社会支持与心理健康之间存在密切相关,且多数因子之间相关系数达到了显著性水平;高社会支持组与低社会支持组的心理健康各项因子及总分均存在显著性差异,低社会支持组的症状明显,主观支持、领悟家庭支持进入对心理健康总分的回归方程。因此呼吁社会给予运动员这一高应激人群更多、更为广泛的支持,同时应积极创造条件,协助运动员及时获取家人、朋友及其他方面的社会支持。(5)集中解决问题的应对与集中处理情绪的应对与心理健康呈负相关,且与部分因子具有统计学意义。回避应对与超越应对与心理健康各因子呈正相关,但不具有统计学意义。建议培养、引导运动员养成积极的应对方式。(6)长期大负荷训练、伤病因素、生活单调且闲暇少、比赛压力、人际关系紧张、文化知识因素、职业风险因素、心理发展环境是影响运动员心理健康的主要因素。建议在运动队要开展闲暇教育,提升运动员闲暇生活质量,促进积极地闲暇活动;引导运动员掌握闲暇生活的知识与技能。(7)大部优秀运动员训练动机及态度是积极、向上的,更重视兴趣及个人才能的发挥。心理压力过大及身体伤病是影响训练积极性的主要因素,心理压力的主要来源于成绩停滞不前及前途渺茫。(8)运动员对心理健康的知识普遍欠缺,大部分人希望了解心理健康的相关知识,并愿意接受心理健康的咨询和指导。更多还原

【Abstract】 Competitive sports, which aims at the winning in the competition, has the high requirements of athletes in physical and mental competence, and the emphasis on their mental health to improve their comprehensive quality is of great importance for their performance in the competition . As athletes are population under high stress and great load of physique and mind, research on mental health of athletes are needed for sustainable development of competitive sports. In addition, from the point of humane care, the mental health of athletes is in need.This study, based on the previous findings, aims to get more information about mental health state of athletes. The tools include psychological health inventory, athlete sport fatigue questionnaire, social support review scale, perceived social support scale, China athlete coping scale and self-made psychological survey questionnaire. The research subjects are 205 elite athletes of the first level or above on the team and SPSS10.0 are used for statistic analysis. The results are suggestions are as follows:(1) The psychological health state of elite athletes are not optimistic and the screening rate of psychological problems is high; compared to the national adolescent, there is significant difference in the factors of somatization, depression, anxiety, personality disorder and excitatory state it provides the suggestion that psychological consultation office is set up for the team and the professional consultants are trained so that the psychological health education and consultation can be conducted by group assistance, individual assistance and lectures.(2)psychological health level of elite athletes show the difference in sex, level, age, recruitment duration and education, age comes in the regressive function of the psychological health total score. The suggestion is to give more humane care for the group of female athletes, low class, new team member and low education level.(3)There is close correlationship between psychological health level and sport fatigue degree and the significance is even reached among most of the factors; there is significant difference among the factors except between the group with high fatigue level and the one with low fatigue level, the symptom of high fatigue group is apparent and the physical/emotional burnout comes in the regressive function of the psychological health total score. The suggestion is attention should be paid to optimize training environment, vary training methods, regulate scientific rest rules and stimulate the activeness of training to lessen the harm of sports fatigue on the psychology.(4)There is close correlationship between psychological health level and social support and the significance is even reached among most of the factors; there is significant difference among all the factors except between the group with high social support level and the one with low social support level, the symptom of low social support group is apparent and the subjective and perceived family support comes in the regressive function of the psychological health total score. The suggestion is that more support is expected for the athletes under high stress and meanwhile conditions are created to help athletes acquire support from the family, friends and other people. (5) negative correlation is exposed between problem—focused coping , emotion-focused coping and psychological health and some factors show statistic meaning, whereas positive correlation exists between coping avoidance, coping suppression and psychological health factors with no statistic meaning. It is suggested that positive coping ways should be cultivated.(6)The main factors which have effects on psychological health of athletes include long time intensive training, injury, monotonous lifestyle, competition stress, intense personal relationship, education, risk of the occupation and psychological development environment. The suggestion is the education in the spare time to improve their life quality during the free time and to help them get the knowledge and skills for free time life.(7)training motive and attitude of most athletes are positive which focus on interest and the cultivation of personal ability. The factors of high psychological stress and injury affect training activeness and the psychological stress comes from failure of the performance breakthrough and the worry for their future.(8)lack of psychological health knowledge are common among athletes and most of them hope to get the knowledge and get consultation and guide.更多还原