宋代理学与宋代科学

【作者】 王伟；

【导师】 江秀乐；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 对中国科学技术思想史的关注,不能忽略宋代。因为这是中国古代科技发展的一个黄金时代。首先,这一时期的研究已遍及到自然的各个领域,如农业、天文、数学、医学、地理、化学等；其次,基于上述领域的研究成果,技术思想得到了完善与发展,真可谓成绩斐然,在当时是首屈一指的。与科技全面发展交相辉映的是,宋代思想文化也得到了巨大发展：儒学发展到一个新层次,形成了理学研究——它紧承儒学但又包含着新的思想成分。那么宋代理学和宋代科技之间具有什么样的关系?如何分析这种关系?便成为本文着手要解决的一个问题。本文从理学的起源开始,依据像程颐、程灏、张载、秦九诏等理学家的论述,探究了理学的原旨与思想精华,进而论述了宋代理学与宋代科技发展的关系。在这方面,本文将朱熹的理学思想作为一个具体的个案,对其进行了重点分析。之所以这样的原因在于朱熹的思想是理学发展的一个至高点,后来的理学其实都是对其思想的进一步继承与发展。尤其在理学对科技的促进方面,朱熹的思想是相当突出的。因此,英国著名科学史家李约瑟就曾认为朱熹本人就是一位科学家。本文从朱熹提出的“格物致知”、“即物穷理”、“理一分殊”等主张以及他对自然事物的方法与态度上,具体论述了理学对科技发展的促进作用,从而否定了长期以来人们在这两者之间关系上所坚持的理学制约和限制了科技发展的认识。并且,本文还进一步指出,理学的发展,也得益于自然科学的进步。例如,像沈括、苏颂等专注于研究自然的学者,在自然事物研究方面的有关结论,都给理学的思想内容以有效的完善。本文认为,“庆元党禁”后,理学作为封建社会的主导思想被社会接受,明清时期,一些进步学者与知识分子,吸收了理学思想的精华,提倡实学,徐光启、方以智等人是其中杰出的代表,在某种程度上理学的“即物穷理”精神对明清社会的发展产生了促进作用。尽管理学对于人伦的重视,以及对教化的提倡,在一定程度上压抑了思想,不利于人们探究自然,以取得有关科学规律的认识,但也不能因此而对其全盘否定。理学所要求的即物穷理的实学原则,对科学的发展是有帮助的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Concern for the history of ideas of Chinese science and technology can not be ignored the Song Dynasty, because it is a golden age of ancient Chinese science and technology’s development. Firstly, the study of this period throughout the various natural fields like agriculture, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, geography, and chemistry. Secondly, based on the researches of those areas, the technology thought had been developed and improved quality and had a great achievement which came first on the list at that time. Illuminated with the full development of science and technology, the Song Dynasty’s thought and culture made a great progress too. Confucianism developed into a new level and then formed the science-study, which not only contains the thought of Confucianism but also has some new ideas. The thesis tries to resolve two questions: what kind of relationship between the Song Dynasty and Song Dynasty’s Technology and how to analyze the relationship?The thesis begins from the origin of the science-study and in accordance with the learners’exposition like Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, Zhang Zai and Qin Jiuzhao, it explores the original aims and ideological essence of the science-study, and then discussed the relationship of the Song Dynasty and the development of Song Dynasty’s Science and Technology. In this respect, the thesis regards the science-study of Zhu Xi as a specific case and analyzes it deeply. The reason for this is that the idea of Zhu Xi’s science is a highest point of the development of the science-study, the later thoughts are just its’ further inheritance and development in fact. Zhu Xi’s thought is quite prominent especially in the promotion of science and technology. Therefore, the well-known British historian of science Joseph Needham regarded Zhu Xi as a scientist. Based on Zhu Xi’s stand of analyzing something until knowing it well and achieving its nature, the rule is same but the form is different, and his methods and attitudes of natural things, the thesis discusses in detail the role of science-study for technology’s development, at the same time, it negates people’s thoughts about the relationship between them. People thought that the science-study constraints and limits the development of science and technology. The thesis forther pointed out that the development of science-study also benefited from the advances in natural science. For example, the relevant conclusions of the research in natural things worked by Shen Kuo and Su Song who focused on the study of natural perfected the thought of science-study.After the political conflict in Qingyuan years, science-study became the dominant ideology of the feudal society. During Ming and Qing dynasties, some progressive scholars and intellectuals who absorbed the essence of the science-study promoted real learning; Xu Guangqi and Fang Yizhi are the outstanding representatives. In some extent the spirit of analyzing something until achieving its nature promoted the development of Ming and Qing society. Despite the science-study’s focusing on human relation and encouraging controlling people’s thoughts which not only depressed thinking to a certain extent, but also didn’t conducive to people to explore the natural and obtained the understanding of scientific laws, it can not be negated totally. The real learning that be required by the science-study is helpful for the development of science.更多还原