事实和价值二分法批判

【作者】 李强；

【导师】 雷龙乾；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 自所谓休谟法则确立以来,事实和价值的二分法逐步成为现当代西方哲学和伦理学的主流观点。简单说来,这种观点认为,事实就是事实,价值就是价值,二者完全不相同,事实不能归结为价值,价值也不能归结为事实。这一观点是如此普遍和深入人心,以致成为一种常识和普特南所说的文化惯例。几乎每个人在日常生活中都会在某种情况下声明,这是一个事实判断,存在判断它正确与否的客观标准；那是一个价值判断,它只是个人的主观判断,没有一个绝对客观的标准能够判定它是否正确。因为这一观点如此普遍,所以它不仅在伦理学领域,而且在其他学术领域,不仅在学术领域,而且在社会生活的各个方面,都产生了重要影响。正如本文将要论证的,由于这种二分法实质上是一种形而上学的教条,所以它所产生的影响必定不可能全然是积极的。因此,在哲学和伦理学上分析这种二分法,指出它的错误,并阐明事实和价值不可避免的缠结、相互依赖和统一,就是极为必要且具有重要学术和现实意义的。尤其对市场经济改革推进到更深层次,政治改革亟待继续深入推进的当代中国来说,批评事实和价值的二分法,预防以它为哲学和伦理学理论基础的极端市场自由主义将可能对未来中国发展产生的不利影响,就更为必要。更严格来说,所谓事实和价值的二分法,主要是一个或一类形而上学的观点,它大致坚持这样一种看法：在形而上学上先验地存在一个事实领域和一个价值领域,它们整齐划一地形成绝对对比,可以被严格地区分开；事实是客观的、对价值中立的,可以为理性客观地研究,价值是主观的,不能为理性所考察,不能得到客观地保证；某个对象如果被划入事实领域,那么就不可能同时再被划入价值领域,反之亦然；从纯粹的事实陈述不可能逻辑地推导出价值判断。伦理学上的情感主义是这种观点的典型代表。情感主义者认为,事实陈述是可以客观为真或为假的综合判断；价值判断只是人的主观情感的单纯表达,没有认识意义,因而无所谓真假,不能被理性真正考察。情感主义者大多是逻辑实证主义者,他们的这种观点受到了休谟的经验主义认识论、康德对分析判断和综合判断的区分以及他的先验伦理学的影响。普特南和杜威对事实和价值的二分法进行了深入批判。普特南指出,事实和价值的二分法是以对事实狭隘的经验主义或逻辑实证主义理解,对价值的非认知主义理解,以及分析和综合的二分法为基础的。认识价值的概念和混杂的伦理概念所体现的事实和价值的缠结表明,事实判断和价值判断是相互依赖并连结在起的,事实领域与价值领域整齐划一地对比的观点,是一种与现实不符的形而上学幻想。杜威论证了伦理判断和科学判断本质上具有逻辑一致性,并以经过理智思维的操作性实验检验的需要界定价值,阐明了受习惯制约的实践活动连结事实和价值的基础性作用。普特南和杜威对事实和价值二分法的批判,尤其是他们对实践的重视,为我们批判事实和价值的二分法提供了有益借鉴。作为一套世界观和方法论,马克思的实践唯物主义为我们批判事实和价值的二分法,正确理解二者关系提供了有力的理论工具。从实践唯物主义的视角看,人类客观的实践活动真正沟通了事实和价值两个领域。事实不再是僵死的客观自在之物或单纯的感觉经验,价值也不是人的纯粹主观的情绪或一种独特的价值实体；事实是为人的实践活动改造过的为人的客观事物和它们与人之间可以被客观描述的关系以及这种关系变化发展的过程,价值则处在人的需要和对象对需要的满足在人自己客观的实践活动中不断生成和变化的动态过程中。在能动的、客观的、历史的、社会的和具体的实践活动中,事实和价值不可分割地动态交织和缠结在一起,真正内在地实现了统一。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the so-called Hume’s Law was established, the fact and value dichotomy had gradually became a main opinion in modern and contemporary western philosophy and ethics. Plainly speaking, the idea is that, the fact is the fact, the value is the value, they two completely different, facts can’t boil down to values, and values can’t boil down to facts too. This view is so prevalent and thorough popular feeling that had became a common sense and a cultural convention called by Putnam. Almost everyone in daily life will declare in some cases, this is a fact judgment, which can be judge correct or incorrect by objective standard; That is a value judgment, which just a personal subjective judgment, and there is not an absolute objective standard can judge whether it is right or not.Because the view is so common, it has important influence, not only in the ethical field, but also in other academic fields, not only in the academic field, and in all aspects of our social life. As this article is going to argue, because of this dichotomy is in essence a kind of metaphysical doctrine, so the impact of it must not completely is positive. Therefore, it is very necessary and has important academic and practical significance to analyse this dichotomy in philosophy and ethics, points out its wrong, and clarify the inevitable entanglement, interdependence and unity of fact and value. Especially for contemporary China, which had turned into deeper level of economic market reform, and need to continue promoting political reform, it is more necessary to critique the fact and value dichotomy, avoid unfavorable influences bring about by extreme market liberalism, which is base on this dichotomy in philosophy and ethics.More strictly speaking, the so-called fact and value dichotomy, mainly is a or a category of metaphysical ideas, which roughly insists views such this:there transcendentally exist a fact field and a value field in metaphysics, they uniformly and absolutely contrast with each other, and can be strictly separate from each other; the fact is objective and value free, can be objectively research by reason, the value is subjective, can’t be reasoningly investigate, can’t objectively get guarantee; an object can’t be classed into value field no more, if it have been classed into fact field, and vice versa; it can’t logically deduce the value judgment from the factual statement. The emotivism in ethics is the typical representative of this view. Emotivists say, that a factual statement is a synthetic judgment which can be objectively judge true or not; a value judgment is just the pure expression of one’s subjective feeling, which lack of cognitive meaning, thus out of the true or false question, and can’t be really investigated by reason. Emotivists are mostly logical positivists, their views were influenced by Hume’s empirical epistemology, the distinction between analytic judgment and synthetic judgment, and his transcendental ethics.Putnam and Dewey have deeply critiqued the fact and value dichotomy. Putnam points out, that the fact and value dichotomy base on the narrow empirical understanding of fact, the non-cognitive understanding of value, and the analysis and synthesis dichotomy. The entanglements of facts and values, which were embodied in the concept of cognitive value and thick ethical concepts, indicate that fact judgments and value judgments are interdependent and bond with each other. The viewpoint that fact fields and value fields severally have their own definite boundaries and completely different with each other is a kind of metaphysical fantasy that does not match the reality. Dewey demonstrated that the ethical judgment and scientific judgment essentially have logical consistency, and took human needs which must be examined beforehand by operational experiment of rational thoughts defined value, and clarified the basic role of practical activities which restricted by habit on connect facts with values. The critique of Putnam and Dewey, especially their attention to practice, provide helpful use for reference for us to criticize the fact and value dichotomy.As a system of world view and methodology, Marx’s practical materialism can provide a set of strong theoretical tool for us to critical fact and value dichotomy, and correctly understand their interrelationships. From the perspective of the practical materialism, the objective practical activities of human really connect the fact and value fields. The fact is not unchangeable objective thing-in-itself, the value is not the human’s pure subjective emotion or a kind of unique value entity. Facts are objective things that have been remoulded by human’s practical activities, and the relations—which can be objectively described—between those things and human, and the developing process of these relations; values are in the dynamic processes of the human needs and the meet of these needs, which constantly create and change in their own objective practical activities. In the active, objective, historical, social and concrete practical activities, facts and values indivisibly interweave and entangle with each other, really achieve intrinsic unity.更多还原