中间团体与近代自治研究（1900-1928）

【作者】 王婷；

【导师】 荆月新；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 法律史， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 中国地方自治是近代中国社会转型和建构民族国家过程中的一个重要社会政治局面，是对建立近代国家与社会关系的一次重大尝试。近代地方自治有两条线索：一是政府、国家层面关于地方制度的构建；二是民间、社会层面关于地方自治运动的开展，主要指的是近代士绅阶层及中间团体对近代地方自治的推动。近代地方自治作为一种官绅合治，其重要内容就是在利用诸如宗族组织、行会、同乡会等中间团体的强大动员能力及社会认同感来实行地方自治。以商会为代表的新式中间团体不仅突破了传统行会、会馆的行业性、地域性，根据国家的授权成为了有合法证据的国家构成体，而且具有更为强大的社会互动能力，对近代地方自治的推动发挥了至关重要的作用。本文以中间团体为视角，以商会组织为核心，以济南商会组织为线索，立足档案、史料，采用历史叙事的手法，分导言、正文、结论三部分来探讨近代中间团体在地方自治中的功能与作用。导言部分，以中间团体为视角研究地方自治的意义、选择商会类的中间团体研究近代中国地方自治的理由两方面分析了本文的选题意义。同时对有关学术研究成果和研究方法进行了总结。论文主体分为四大部分。第一部分论述了地方自治背景下的济南商会的设立，这里的地方自治指的是一种社会思潮，并不仅仅是国家层面的改革。从袁世凯提议“分立商会”到“一城两会”的形成，济南商会组织的设立既离不开官方的支持，也离不开民间力量的动员。此外，济南商会自治的实体构成也极为完备，有着系统的自治规章，外部体系显示其较为强大的社会动员能力，内部构成也凸显了一定的民主、独立精神。第二部分叙述了近代济南商会的活动空间的扩展。其包括商会自治领域，较好地维护了商会利益，并且进一步将活动空间扩展到“地方公益”乃至“地方自治”领域，涉及教育、地方治安、市政管理等有关地方自治的几乎全部内容。在地方自治领域与军阀的周旋，对地方自治机构的追随，和其他中间团体的合作，都显示出近代商会组织在地方自治中极大参与程度。第三部分立足市民社会、地方自治的相关理论，归纳出中间团体在市民社会的培育、法制近代化的推进、地方自治运动的开展三方面对近代地方自治的作用。进一步总结出中间团体作为近代地方自治的非正式领导机构，对地方自治事业的执着。第四部分在全文分析的基础上，对中间团体实行地方自治所面临的困境进行了探讨。其自律的不彻底性、自主的有限性、自治的非法定性都对近代地方自治事业有着一定的负面影响，也是中间团体实行地方自治失败的原因总结。更多还原

【Abstract】 Local autonomy is an important social and political situation in the process of Chinesesocial transformation and nation state construction, is a major try to establish the modern stateand society relationship. It has two clues: one is about the local system on the government andnational level; Another one is about the local self-government movement on the civil and sociallevel, mainly refers to that the modern gentry and intermediate groups promote the developmentof local autonomy. As a joint government of Statesmen and Gentlemen, its important content isto use the powerful ability of social mobilization and identity of intermediate organizations, suchas clan organization, guild and association. As the representative of the new intermediate groups,Chamber of Commerce not only breaks the industry and regional limits of traditional guild, hasbecome the legal component of the state body according to the nation authorization, but also hasthe more powerful social interaction skills, and plays a crucial role in the modern local autonomypromotion.From the perspective of intermediate groups, taking the chamber of Commerce as a core,taking Jinan chamber of Commerce as a clue, this paper is based on the archives, historical data,use the historical narrative method, include the foreword, text, conclusion which discuss thefunction and role of modern intermediate groups in the local autonomy. The foreword includestwo aspects to analysis the significance of the topic: why choice intermediate groups as the angelof view, and why choice chamber of Commerce to study the topic. And summarize the researchand method.The text is composed of four parts. The first part discusses the establishment of Jinanchamber of Commerce under the background of local autonomy, which refers to a social trend ofthought, but not only the national reform. From“discrete chambers”which proposed by YuanShikai to the formation of“a city with two chambers”, the establishment of Jinan chamber notonly depends on the official support, but also the mobilization of folk force. In addition, theautonomous entities of Jinan chamber is very complete, including the autonomous rules, externalsystem which shows more powerful ability of social mobilization, and the internal compositionwhich reveals the spirit of democracy and independent in a certain degree. The second partdescribes the space expansion of Jinan chamber. It includes the autonomous areas of chamber ofCommerce which protects its self interests well, and extends to the“public welfare”and“localautonomy”areas further, almost involving the all content of local autonomy, such as education,local security, municipal administration and so on. Dealing with the warlord, following the localautonomous organizations, cooperating with other intermediate groups, all those have shown thegreat degree for modern intermediate groups to participate in the local autonomy. Based on civilsociety and local autonomous theory, the third part sums up the effects of intermediate groups inthree aspects: the cultivation of the civil society, the promotion of the modernization of legalsystem, and the development of local autonomous movement. As the informal leader, theintermediate groups are still very dedicated to treating the local autonomous career. Based on theall analysis, the fourth part discusses the dilemma of local autonomy. The incompleteself-discipline, the limited independence, and the illegal autonomy, all have a certain negativeimpact to the modern local autonomy, but also the failure summary for the intermediate groupsto develop this movement.更多还原