论我国遗嘱执行人制度的立法构想

【作者】 张晓燕；

【导师】 李小宁；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 法律， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 自1985年《中华人民共和国继承法》的颁布与实施以来的到现在的整整26个年头里,我国经历着改革开放、经济高速发展、私有经济所占的比重越来越大以及人民的财富不断积累过程。时至今日,不论是在经济层面还是人们的社会思想意识上都不可同日而语。《继承法》原本构建的较系统、完整的继承法律制度体系,已不能完全适应当前的需要,完善我国的继承法律制度是目前的当务之急。然而,要完成一个法律制度的构建是一样极为系统的工程,我国的学者、法律专家已经为此而积累了多年的理论和实践经验,而《民法典草案》颁布无疑让我们预见到了我国民事法律制度又一个崭新时代的来临。本文以小见大,主要针对我国《继承法》第16条认可公民指定遗嘱执行人的原则性规定,提出了我国应该尽快建立起完善的遗嘱执行人制度。同时通过对不同法系国家和地区遗嘱执行人制度的理论探讨和的比较分析,提出了怎样建立和完善我国遗嘱执行人制度的具体建议及一些大胆的设想。本文共分四个部分：第一章,遗嘱执行人制度概述。首先介绍的是遗嘱执行人的概念以及学者们不同的表述,然后总结出自己对遗嘱执行人的概念的认定。其次介绍了遗嘱执行人制度的起源与历史沿革。最后对遗嘱执行人制度的作用和关于遗嘱执行人制度法律地位的不同学说作出评价。第二章,遗嘱执行人的产生。论述了各国立法中遗嘱执行人产生方式,担任遗嘱执行人的资格认定、遗嘱执行人的就职与拒绝的条件,介绍理论界对此的利弊分析,提出自己的观点。第三章,遗嘱执行人的权利和义务。认为权利义务在特殊身份下履行其职责时是相辅相成的统一体,遗嘱执行更多的体现为一种义务。介绍了各国立法对遗嘱执行人的权利义务的具体规定,遗嘱执行人在何种情况下终结以及对遗嘱执行人履行职务的监督。第四章,我国遗嘱执行人制度的立法构想。此部分是本文的重点篇章,也是论题的回归。笔者首先从自身工作中所见和遇到的问题出发,谈到我国现行继承法对遗嘱执行人无具体规定所带来的困扰,提出建立和完善我国遗嘱执行人制度的必要性和立法建议。建议包括：遗嘱执行人的产生方式、资格设定、权利义务、承担的责任等。其次,提出律师和公证机构作为遗嘱执行人的可行性,特别是公证机构担任遗嘱执行人的法律依据、可能遇到的问题及解决方法。最后,通过案例引出遗嘱信托的概念、优越性以及实际操作中遇到的问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 It has been twenty-six years since the Law of Succession of the People’s Republic of China was promulgated and carried out. With the Reform and Opening-up and rapid development of the economic, the proportion of the private ownership economy is getting larger and larger. People’s wealth continues to grow. To today, whether people’s economic levels or the social ideology is quite different. The Law of Succession which was completely legal system of inheritance and built systematic originally can not fully meet the current needs. So perfecting the law of succession is our priority. However, completing the construction of a legal system is a very systematic project, and our scholars and legal experts have accumulated a lot of theoretical knowledge and practical experience for this purpose. We can anticipate a new era of our civil legal system will come because of the promulgation of the draft civil code.This paper mainly focuses on small clues, we aimed at Article 16 of the Law of Succession that is about the principles and provisions of citizens designated someone as a executor. We make a proposal of building and perfecting the executor system as soon as possible. At the same time, via analyzing and investigating the different legal systems of the executor in different countries and regions, we put forward some specific recommendations and bold tentative plans on how to establish and improve executor system.This paper is divided into four parts:ChapterⅠ, an overview of the executor system. First, this paper introduced the concept and the statements of the executor that the scholars give, then summarized the identification of a executor. Second, we introduced the origin and the history of the executor system. At last, we gave the evaluation on the effect of the executor system and the different theories of the executor system on the legal status. ChapterⅡ, we introduced the executor generation. Then discussed the way to the executor generation, a executor’s accreditation and inauguration and rejected conditions. We also introduced the analysis the pros and cons of the system in theory community and then put forward my views. ChapterⅢis about the rights and obligations of executors. I think the rights and obligations are the complementary unity when performing theirs duties under the special status. Performing will is reflected more as an obligation. We gave the specific provisions on the rights and obligations as executors in the legislative system in different countries. Under which circumstances we can end the executors and supervise how to perform the duties of the executors. ChapterⅣ, we introduced the legislation of the executors in China. This part is the key and also the return of the topic. First starting from what I saw and met in my work, and then I talked about the problems caused by the current law of succession which can not establish a complete executor system, and I put forward my own proposal and summary that was to establish and improve our executor system was necessary. Those proposals include the ways to generate, qualifications setting, rights and obligations and responsibilities as a executor and so on. Secondly, we propose making lawyers and notary publics as executors is feasible, and especially the notary publics have the unique advantages as the executor. Then we envisage the relevant operating procedures. At last, we put forward the concept of testamentary trust, its superiority and the problem encountered in actual operation.更多还原