刑事诉讼构造的初步分析

【作者】 王文君；

【导师】 徐美君；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 法律， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 刑事诉讼构造是刑事诉讼法学理论体系中的一个基本范畴,可以分为横向和纵向两部分,横向构造指的是控诉、辩护、裁判三方在各个主要诉讼程序中的法律地位和相互关系,纵向构造指的是侦查、起诉和裁判权力在整个刑事诉讼过程中的法律地位和相互关系。现代刑事诉讼构造理论于90年代经李心鉴博士的介绍正式传入我国,一时成为热点话题。学者们纷纷使用刑事诉讼构造这一工具对我国和他国的刑事诉讼制度进行分析,并对我国刑事诉讼的发展方向进行展望和设计。这些理论成果反映在后来的立法和司法实践中,对我国刑事法治的发展起到了重要的推动作用。本文从厘清刑事诉讼构造的概念入手,论及刑事诉讼构造的两个制约因素：刑事诉讼制度在历史上的演变和发展情况以及对刑事诉讼目的的认识。接下来,笔者分别对这两个制约因素进行深入考察,通过对历史上的刑事诉讼模式的考察展现刑事诉讼制度的演变和发展及其不容违背的规律,又通过对日本相关理论的分析提出刑事诉讼目的的两极是打击犯罪与保障人权。然后,笔者结合当事人主义的典型美国与职权主义的典型德国的刑事诉讼制度,从实体控制力和程序控制力两方面对刑事诉讼的横向构造和纵向构造的成因进行分析,并在总结法治国家共有的刑事诉讼构造形态的同时指明了不同刑事诉讼模式支配下的差异。在此基础上,笔者将刑事诉讼构造与刑事诉讼模式以及刑事诉讼目的相关联,具体展现了两个制约因素对于刑事诉讼构造的影响。最后,笔者把视线转向我国实践,通过对我国刑事诉讼制度的演变和发展情况以及对刑事诉讼目的的认识的分析指出,我国建立自己的刑事诉讼构造时应该主要参照职权主义。并且通过把我国目前的刑事诉讼构造与法治国家,特别是职权主义国家进行对比,找出其问题所在以及根本症结,在此基础上提出改良的建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Structure of criminal proceedings is one of the basic conceptions in the theory of Criminal proceedings. It consists of two parts, horizontal structure and vertical structure. The horizontal structure refers to legal status of prosecutor, defendant and judge in different stages of criminal proceedings and their relationships. The vertical structure refers to legal status of policeman, prosecutor and judge in the whole criminal proceedings and their relationships. Conception of structure of criminal proceedings was introduced to China by Doctor Li in the 90th, and then became popular in academic community. Many scholars started to analyze criminal proceedings in China and other countries with the conception, and assumed the modification of China’s criminal proceedings on that basis. Some of their views was adopted in later legislation and judicature, and promoted the development of China’s criminal proceedings. This article begins with the conception of structure of criminal proceedings, and its two restricting factors:evolution of criminal proceeding system and objective of criminal proceedings. In partⅡand partⅢ, the author analyzes the two restricting factors and reveals their natures and rules behind them. After that, the article focuses on the horizontal structure and vertical structure by examining distinct control over result and over procedure possessed by different participants of criminal proceedings in America and Germany. And a conclusion is drawn that countries ruled by law share similar structures, however, there are always some differences. Then the article discusses how a country’s evolution of criminal proceeding system and objective of criminal proceedings affect its.structure of criminal proceedings. In the latter part of the article, the author turns to China and points out that China should learn from modern inquisitorial system on the basis of the analysis of China’s history of criminal proceeding and its objective of criminal proceedings right now. Moreover, through comparison between structure of China and those of other countries, especially of Germany, the author finds the problem in Chinese system and its root cause, and put forward corresponding proposals更多还原