【作者】 王敏；

【导师】 史建民；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农业经济管理， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 本文选取山东省高等农业院校、科研机构和企业三种不同类型育种单位中的品种权工作突出的山东农业大学、山东省农业科学院和山东登海种业股份有限公司三家单位,调查三个不同单位的品种研发,深入研究品种权申请、保护和维权情况,在此基础上比较分析三种不同类型单位品种权保护工作,找出不同单位品种权保护的侧重点,总结不同类型单位品种权保护的成功经验,提出植物新品种权保护的对策建议。通过研究,得出如下结果:第一,分析表明,新品种保护制度将创新回报机制引入育种领域,调动了社会资本投资育种事业的积极性,育种主体趋于多元,不过农业科研单位、科技创新型种子企业和农业院校仍是我国品种权申请的主体。品种权保护制度对于促进农业育种创新,提升我国种业和农业核心竞争力,促进现代农业发展发挥了重要作用。第二,三种不同类型单位的植物新品种权保护分析显示,育种单位都非常重视品种权保护工作,均设立了品种保护办公室,并制订了具体的品种保护制度。但由于育种经费的来源与考核机制不同,农业科研单位、农业院校与育种企业在品种权保护上存在着显著的差异。农业科研单位和农业院校的育种经费主要来自国家或地方政府的支持,育出新品种就算完成了课题或项目,而对于新品种是否对农民增产增收及是否会产生经济效益缺乏压力,申请品种保护的目的主要是完成课题任务,以期获取更多的国家项目资助;而育种企业更多的是关注市场和经济效益,并根据市场影响力来决定品种权保护的时间。农业院校由于没有市场压力和经营压力,只重视品种的审定、面积的推广,对于课题申请量、奖励申报量的追求远远高于对经济效益的追求,育种与销售严重脱节;农业科研单位有更多精力从事良种繁育创新,并将授权品种依法转让,通过转让加快新品种的商业化实施;集育种、繁育、推广及销售为一体的种业企业,运用自有品种权以及人力、物力、财力等资源自主实施品种权,重在品种权的转化效益,以取得更大的经济回报。第三,品种权保护制度对育种创新的促进机理分析表明,植物新品种权把选育种单位和个人的权益以法律的形式予以保障,品种有无保护是种子企业向育种者购买品种权、经营权、生产权的前提条件,也是成果价值评定的前提条件。在品种权保护制度的作用下,我国植物新品种事业已发生了申请的品种权从少到多,从公益性育种到自主知识产权保护育种的重要转变。但品种权保护制度对育种创新促进作用的程度在不同类型的育种单位之间存在着显著差异,即品种权保护制度对育种创新促进作用的程度呈现出由农业院校到农业科研单位再到育种企业依次提高的趋势。第四,案例分析显示,植物品种权保护普遍存在着维权难、赔偿数额低、转化率低的问题,但解决问题的迫切程度在不同类型单位之间的存在着明显差异。具体来说,农业院校重成果轻知识产权,重品种审定轻品种权保护;农业科研单位作为育种专门单位,申请品种保护的种类单一,没有发挥专业育种的优势;科技创新型种子企业由于其企业的性质,申请品种权的积极性较高,以期获得较高的收益回报,同时注重品种权的维权,以维护其良种市场占有率。因此,虽然面临着同样的问题,但解决问题的迫切程度呈现出由农业院校到农业科研单位再到育种企业依次提高的趋势。第五,农业科研单位、科技创新型种子企业和农业院校是我国育种的主体,如何更好的协调三者的关系,使育种资源最大化的得到利用,是目前我国面临的一个重要问题。农业院校应首先改变重成果轻品种权的观念,调动育种人员的积极性,明确品种权考核机制,加强品种权的转化,使品种权保护真正发挥作用;农业科研单位应积极组织品种权申请,加大转化力度,积极组织保护品种的开发,通过自主生产销售、许可生产、品种权转让等多种方式,从市场中去获取最大的经济回报;科技创新型种子企业如何更好的利用新品种保护这个平台,取得更大的经济回报是关系企业生存的重大问题。应着重培育适合市场需求的良种,充分利用农业科研单位和农业院校已培育的良种,避免重复培育近似、类似品种,以实现利益最大化。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, three units (Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science and Shandong Denghai Seed Corporation) which are all good at works related to variety rights on behalf of three different organizations (high agricultural colleges, research institutes and enterprises), respectively. We have summarized these good experiences and found out their favorable emphases on protecting the right of variety in these units. Using of analyzing and comparing on development, application and protection of new variety. And then, we have put forward a proposal how to protect the right of new variety of the plant in different kinds of units. The results are listed as follow:1.The analyses showed that the organization of breeding were tend to multiplicity since the system of rewarding innovation have been introduced in breeding field, which inspired greatly enthusiasm of investment on breeding project. High agricultural colleges, research institutes and enterprises are major institution for application of new variety rights. The protected system for new variety rights play on important roles in accelerated procedure of breeding innovation and develop modern agriculture, as well as improved key competence of Chinese seed industry and agriculture.2. We recognized that almost of breeding units which are attach importance to protection, set up the specific office and constitute ordinance on the new variety rights. There are significantly different notions between institution (high agricultural colleges and research institutes) and enterprises on the protection of new variety rights. The main reason is different mechanism of capital financing, as we know that the primary finances for breeding of high agricultural colleges and research institutes was provided by the nation or local government, obtaining the new varieties was considered to accomplish the project regardless of aftereffect. These institutes are no concern of seriously discrepancy among the management, the breeding and sales. The aim of application for protection is just to achieve tasks and gain more financing. In the breeding incorporation, it pays more attention on the markets and economic benefit. The period of validity for variety rights protection is depended on the influence of the markets. High agricultural colleges are only concern on the number of authorized variety, and the area of popularize without any stress from market or management. The number of variety rights application and public welfare in these units become more and more than economic rewarding. Ultimately, the product and sale of new variety was seriously discrepancy. Agricultural research institutes have more energy to embark upon innovation and reproduction of authority assigned in accordance with the recipient of the implementation of the right, through the new breed of commercial.3. The results of the improved mechanism of protection of variety rights on innovation breeding show that new plant variety rights can ensure the breeding units and the breeder’s benefit, enhance the enthusiasm of the researchers, and accelerate the production of renewal varieties and the protection of new variety is the precondition for variety bargaining and assessed value of production. The number of application for new variety has been more and more than before and changed from commonweal to autonomous intellectual property. However, there are exist significantly difference on accelerating procedure between different breeding units, that is the trend of breeding innovation protection of new variety are more advanced from high agricultural colleges to research institutes, and to enterprises.4. The cases analysis showed that some questions were extensively occurred, such as the difficulty for Migrant right, few compensate and low transform. Meanwhile, the extent of degree was significant among different types units. Specifically, high colleges may pay more attentions on the production and authorized variety than the new variety rights and protection. However, as the professional breeding research organization, the research institutes have not brought into play its predominance for singleness type of application for protection. As the scientific and technical innovation incorporation, breeding enterprise should pay more attention to consummate the variety protection system, including establishing information systems, train the persons with ability and founding the well-known enterprise brand etc. In addition, the enterprises can enhance the cooperation with teaching university and research institute.5. Research institute, breeding enterprise and high agricultural college are the main forces in the breeding industry. How to better assort with relationships among the teaching university, research institute and breeding enterprise, and maximize the utilization of breeding resource is a serious question in China. At the first, high agricultural college should change the notions from paying more attentions on the production to the new variety rights, should set up specific system of assess and inspire positivity of breeders, and then enhance the transfer of variety rights and make good use of the protection. Secondly, the research institute should organize application for new variety rights, should enhance degree of transfer and develop new variety by means of autonomic production, sale and transfer etc. And then, they would max rewarding from market. Thirdly, how to utilize commendably the platform of new variety protection is critical for the scientific and technical innovation incorporation, breeding enterprise. It is importance questions that gain more economic rewarding involved survival. In summary, we should pay more attention to requirement for variety, should utilize adequately the developed varieties by high agricultural college and the research institute, which could avoid repetition similarity variety and achieve maximum benefit from new varieties.更多还原