【作者】 刘琳琳；

【导师】 姜文学；

【作者基本信息】 东北财经大学 ， 国际贸易学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 随着中国改革开放以来,特别是2001年12月加入世界贸易组织以来,中国在国际贸易领域取得了举世瞩目的成就,不仅从2002年起保持了对外贸易快速增长的态势,年增长率超过28%,在世界对外贸易中所占据的地位迅速上升,且与主要贸易伙伴国的贸易额也出现了大幅度的增加。2006年,中国对外贸易进出口总额达到17606.9亿美元,同比增长23.8%,稳居世界第三大进出口国及美国第三大贸易伙伴国,同时对美货物贸易顺差达到2325.5亿美元,成为美国第一大国际收支逆差来源国。强劲的增长势头下也使中国成为贸易保护主义的众矢之的,特别是2008年世界金融危机以来,以美国为首的发达国家更是将贸易保护的矛头指向了中国,继反倾销之后开始向“非市场经济”的中国发起了新一轮贸易救济的攻势。那么,美国对华发起反补贴的历史渊源是什么,其背后又是否隐藏着更深层的动机呢?针对美国对中国发起的新一轮猛烈的反补贴攻势,中国政府及企业又该采取哪些应对措施呢?本文首先从美国对华进行反补贴调查的背景入手,从国际和国内双重角度深入分析,挖掘美国对华反补贴的历史根源。而追本溯源,中国对外贸易的迅速强大以及近年来特别是金融危机以来美国国内经济的低迷和其国内贸易保护主义的抬头,成为推动美国将中国作为反补贴对象的重要动力。在国际与国内双重背景下,本文继续深入挖掘美国对华反补贴呈现的新特点,由于美国对华第一起反补贴调查始于2006年11月20日,故在四年时间里,反补贴呈现的新特点及趋势主要仍然体现在金额、案件数量、规模、涉案产品种类的增加上,同时,又特别对比反倾销措施的特点,总结出其具有更为隐蔽、不公平、更复杂等特点,这也是美国利用其通过反补贴法的修改对“非市场经济”的中国发起双反调查的重要原因之一。本文随后利用大量篇幅详细分析了美国对华发起反补贴调查的原因,系统地从美国和中国,即发起国和应诉国双方的角度,分析主观及客观的立场,对美国对华反补贴问题进行了深入的分析,并为随后有针对性地提出相应的应对措施埋下了伏笔。经济利益和背后隐藏的政治动因是美国针对中国进行反补贴调查的主要原因,美国出于其全球战略的考虑,势必将中国作为其贸易保护主义的主要对象。而另一方面,中国在2002以来保持了强劲的对外贸易增长态势,对美贸易顺差持续增长,继续呈现巨额顺差的局面,这也是美国对华发起反补贴调查的直接原因。此外,由于中国出口美国的主要是劳动密集型产品,明显的价格优势使中国产品在美国市场上占有相当比例的份额,这也在一定程度上危及到其国内相关产业生产商的利益,并进而通过相关协会或其他措施向政府施压,进一步推动了美国对华反补贴的进程。从中国自身的补贴政策来说,由于发展中国家经济仍处于起步阶段,政府在补贴政策上确实存在不完善之处,尤其很多地方政府仍在利用优惠政策吸引外资并利用补贴鼓励出口等,这些都给了反补贴发起国可乘之机。最后,本文针对美国对华反补贴呈现的新特点,结合以上对其原因的详尽分析,从政府及企业两个角度提出建议。由于被动应诉会给国家、企业,乃至一个产业带来不可估量的损失,因而本文将重点放在预警机制方面建议的提出。从国家层面上,应加大两国在政府层面的战略交流,进而从源头上规避贸易保护主义。而若欲从根本上减少甚至规避国外对中国的反补贴调查,中国政府需要解决的首要问题仍然是补贴政策的完善,充分利用WTO《SCM协定》,避免可诉性补贴,而充分利用绿灯补贴,注重生产上游的研发阶段补贴。而从企业甚至一个产业的角度来看,加大研发力度,注重自主创新,增加产品附加值,使产品从劳动密集型向技术密集型转变,将是企业规避贸易救济措施的根本途径。此外,在已有的反补贴调查中,企业应与政府配合,积极应诉,为企业今后的长足发展奠定基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 China has made remarkable achievements in the international trade field as its reform and opening up, especially after its accession to the World Trade Organization in December 2001. China not only maintained a rapid growth in foreign trade with a growth of over 28%, whose status in the world trade rises rapidly. The volume with the major trading partners also increased significantly. In 2006, China’s foreign trade volume in both import and export reached 1760.69 billion dollars, up 23.8%, ranking the world’s third largest country in the import and export trade. It was also the third largest trade partner of the USA, with a surplus in goods trade of 232.55 billion dollars, and the biggest source of American international balance of payments deficit. The strong momentum of growth also made China the target of the trade protectionism. Especially after the financial crisis of 2008, the developed countries led by the United States made China the target of protectionism, and launched a new round of trade remedies offensive to the "non-market economy" China after anti-dumping. Well, what’s the history of the US initiating countervailing to China? What is the deeper motivation hidden behind? What are Chinese governmnent and enterprises supposed to do againest the new round countervailing offensive from US?This paper starts from the background of the US countervailing investigation to China. It excavates all of the historical origin of the countervailing deeply, analysing in both international and domestic points. Getting to the root of the matter, Chinese rapid growth in foreign trade, and recently, especially after the financial crisis, the domestic downturn and protectionism of the US, have all promoted the countervailing.Under the background of both international and domestic, the paper continues to search for the new characteristics of the countervailing. Because of the first countervailing investigation initicated in 2006, during the four years, the new features and trends still reflect on the increase of its amount, caseload, scale, and the involved products’catagories. Meanwhile, comparing to the anti-dumping, it presents more hidden, unfair, and complex, which is also the important reason that US initiated countervailing to "non-market economy" China through amending its domestic law.The paper analyses the reasons that US initicated countervailing investigations to China in detailed, from the situations of both countries. US initiates countervailing investigation to China for the consideration in both economic interests and political motives. US must regard China as its target of protectionism from its global strategic considerations. On the other hand, China has maintained a strong growth in the goods trade surplus to US, which is also the direct reason of the countervailing. In addition, Chinese exports are mainly labor-intensive products, which occupy a great market share of the US for its lower price. While, it also threatens the interests of the US relevant industries, who can pressure the government through some associations. In general, as a developing countries, China focuses more on the growth of the economy, therefore, it does have many imperfections in its subsidy policies. Especially, many local governments attract investment and encourage export through some subsidies, which also give an excuse to the counties like US.Finally, the paper gives some proposals from the point of view of both government and enterprise, combining with the specific analysis of the reasons above. Considering the immeasurable loss that will be brought to the state, enterprises, even an industry, through the passive respondent, it focuses more on the proposals about early warning mechanism. These two countries should increase the exchanges in terms of government strategic talks, through which the trade protectionism will be avoided from the origin.The first thing that Chinese government should do to reduce or even avoid the foreign countervailing investigation radically is to complete Chinese subsidy policy. Making full use of the WTO "SCM agreement", avoiding the actionable subsidies, and making use of the green light subsidy, which needs to focus on the upstream subsidies of products on the research and development stages. Besides, for enterprise or even an industry, it will be the fundamental way to avoid the trade remedy measures, through increasing the inputs on the research and development, focusing on the independent innovation, increasing the added-value of the products, transforming from the labor-intensive to the technology-intensive. In addition, companies should perform actively with the help of the government, for the long-term development in future.更多还原