【作者】 黄敏；

【导师】 喻敏；

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 ， 民商法学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 著作权法规定作者创作的作品受到著作权法完整而全面的保护、社会公众则可在著作权法规定的范围内自由使用作品,从而完成再创作和保证信息的流通。鼓励创作和合法利用作品共同维持着著作权法的平衡。但是自20世纪后半叶以来,著作权权利呈现非理性扩张,公有信息和知识不断被挤压、著作权法中的公共领域面临着被不断削减的危险；作者和社会公众之间的平衡被打破。在扩张与缩减的作用下,社会公众的利益受到了极大的挑战,人们希望著作权制度能够重新回归理性。国内外知识产权法学界对此进行了研究。在国外,有专门成立的公共领域研究中心、以及在研究中心支持下成立的知识共享组织,它们提倡“作品保有部分权利”的理念,让公众在特定条件下自由使用作品,负责公共领域的丰富与保护。在中国,知识产权法学界的一些学者也将公共领域作为主要的研究课题,分别梳理了公共领域的概念、探求了公共领域理论存在的合理性、介绍了公共领域的功能,呼吁人们关注公共领域的生存和发展。尽管国内外对其研究成果还比较多,但是将其进行系统梳理和如何保护的成果并不多见。本文研究的目的是希望通过对公共领域概念的词源进行梳理、合理性进行多角度分析、功能进行详细介绍、从而构建和丰富公共领域,便于知识的传播和文化的传承。综合运用规范分析法学、比较法学和经济分析等方法,研究公有领域这一热点问题。基于此,正文主体主要分五个部分。第一部分是阐述为何研究公有领域,指出本文的研究主题。主要包括著作权对作者和社会公众的平衡；由一个案例引出权利的扩张、平衡被打破；以及列举权力扩张的后果,我们应更加关注公共领域。本章简述了著作权制度是如何平衡作者和社会公众、介绍了美国著作权期限延长法案并对其做出评论,同时指出权利扩张后果为妨碍社会公众接近作品、影响后续作品的再创作、作者与社会公众之间的利益失衡。第二部分是对著作权法公有领域的基本介绍。包括词源分析、界定基本概念,指出本文的研究范围,为下文做好准备。在词源考察的基础上,认为公有领域具有公众财产、公众使用、公共利益的特征。在比较国内外对公共领域的概念研究后,认为公共领域是一种能维持创作和保证著作权内部协调运行的一种理论制度、理论倾向和思维方法。由此可知,公共领域是供公众使用的公共财产、关乎社会公共利益,能保证著作权协调运行的一套理论体系。第三部分是论证公共领域存在的合理性。此章是本文的重点章节。为公共领域理论的存在寻求各种理论和法律的依据。包括著作权法基础、自然法基础、经济学基础、其他法律(宪法角度、民法角度)等。一、著作权法基础主要从著作权法的发展史、保护客体的属性、立法目的以及功能来探讨公共领域的合理性。二、自然法基础主要是分析洛克财产理论,从洛克理论最初用于证明著作权权利的正当性出发,到后来用于证明公共领域的合理存在。梳理国内外学者的论证,并提出自己的见解。三、经济学角度主要从知识产品的非竞争性、使用中的规模经济以及传播的低成本特性论证知识产品供给中的囚徒困境,而著作权法赋予垄断权则是激励知识生产的手段,但由于赋予垄断权会限制竞争进而损害消费者和社会福利,同时著作权的扩张也阻碍了知识的社会使用和后续知识的创造,导致著作权法制度成本高昂,因此限制著作权非理性扩展、拓展公共领域自是应有的题中之义。四、其他法律基础主要是从宪法、民法来论证。宪法基础主要是宪法权利在著作权法中的落实、宪法民主政治的理论需要公共领域的保障：分析其存在有利于保障表达自由、受教育权等宪法性权利、有利于民主政治的实现。民法基础表现为,民法依所有权对物的分类、民法的诚实信用的基本原则来论证公共领域的合理性,公有物与著作权法中的公共领域具有共同的特征、诚实信用原则也正是民法对著作权法约束的表现。因此公共领域具有各种理论和法律的支撑,理应生存在著作权法中。第四部分主要介绍公共领域的功能。公共领域的强大功能使得著作权制度本身就存在的诸多权利限制制度显得苍白无力。具体而言,功能有4个一是保障再创作,创作具有吸收前人经典和自身思考的双重特性,因此有必要为后续作者提供丰富的创作材料；二是实现公共利益,通过限制垄断性权利而给公众一个学习使用作品的机会；三是对抗知识产权非理性扩张,将分散的非专业的社会公众聚集起来、提供统一的理论武器,抵制权利人的道德术语,有效的对抗了权利的非理性扩张；四是实现著作权利益平衡,权利限制要求公共领域的建立,以此来平衡作者和社会公众的利益。第五部分主要探讨了公共领域的保护问题,包括对已有方法的评述、可行性分析以及其他保护思路的探讨。就已有的见解而言,主要提出了三种保护和维护公共领域的思路：其一是国家托管,即由国家代理制度来达到公共作品的集中运营；二是有偿公共领域制度；三是知识产权共享协议。第一种方法国家托管,具有相当的可行性,而第二种在理论上存在着颇多不能站住脚的地方,而且在实践中可能难以执行,第三种即知识产权共享协议的可行性也较好。除此而外,因限制著作权和公共领域是一个此消彼长的关系,限制了著作权,公共领域自然得到了保护和扩张。因此我们分析直接通过限制著作权的方法来达到保护公共领域的思路。更多还原

【Abstract】 According to the Copyright law, the works created by the author are protected fully and completely. Public can use the work freely within the provision dictated by the Copyright law, thus ensuring the completion of the re-creation and the flow of information. However, since the second half of the 20th century, the rights of copyright expand irrationally and public information and knowledge continue to be squeezed making the Copyright law in the public domain faced with the risk of constant reduce, and the balance between the author and the public suffered from breakage. Under the influence of expanding and reducing, the interest of public undergoes with great challenges. It is hoped that the copyright system may go back to its rational way.Domestic and international intellectual property law experts have conducted a study on the public domain. Foreign countries have set up public domain research centers and other sharing programs with the support of research centers. They advocate the concept that works must retain part of the rights so that public can use works freely under certain conditions which ensures to the enrichment and protection of the public domain. In China, some scholars in Copyright law are studying the public domain, such as concluding the concept, seeking the rationality of its existence and realistic evidence, introducing the functions, and calling for attention to the survival and development of the public domain. Although the results of their research are still relatively more, systematic studies and the protections are rare. The purpose of this study is to build and to enrich public domain so as to ensure the dissemination of knowledge and cultural heritage by hackling the concept of public domain from the etymology point of view, by analysing the rationality from various angles, and by introducing functions in details.By using normative jurisprudence, comparative jurisprudence and economic analysis and other methods, the hot issue, namely the public domain, is going to be studied. Based on this, the thesis divides into five parts.The first part is to "explain the reasons for research in the public domain and to point out the subject of study", including the balance between the author and the public concerning Copyright Act, the breakage of the expansion of the right and the balance derived from a case, and the consequences of the expansion of right. We should pay more attention to the public domain.The second part is a basic introduction to the Copyright law in public domain, which includes a etymological analysis and an definition of basic concepts. It can be seen that the public domain has the characteristic of public property, use of public, and social public interests, and is a set of theoretical system to ensure the coordinated operation of the copyright.The third part is to prove the rationality of the existence of public domain, and to seek a variety of theories and laws to prove that public domain is in its reasonable existence, which contains the basis of copyright law, natural law, economics, other laws (from Constitution and Civil Law point of view). Therefore, with a variety of theories and laws supporting the public domain, it should be included in the copyright law.Part four focuses on the functions of public domain. In details, there are four functions that to protect the re-creation, to realize the public interest, to go against the irrational expansion of intellectual property rights, and to achieve a balance of interests of copyright.Part five discusses mainly the protection of the public domain. There are three ways to protect and preserve public domain. One is entrusted to state management.The second is paid in the public domain system. The third is the agreement of intellectual property-sharing. Furthermore, we think protecting the public domain can be achieved by directly limiting the ways to the copyright.更多还原