商周青铜罍研究

【作者】 王宏；

【导师】 张懋镕；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 考古与博物馆学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 青铜罍出现于商代二里岗上层时期,流行于商周,在战国晚期趋于消亡,传世及发掘所见数量较多,共有280多件,在商周青铜礼器中占有十分重要的地位,虽然涉及青铜罍的研究自北宋就已开始,但是由于研究目的不同,以往学者往往只侧重于青铜罍一个方面的探究,而很少有人进行过系统性的论述,本文拟在充分参考前人研究成果的基础之上,运用考古类型学、统计学、文化因素分析方法及二重证据法等研究方法,对青铜罍的定名与功用、型式分类、年代推断、墓葬器物组合、地域特征、使用者族属、与广肩大口尊、瓿、缶的关系以及起源与消亡等方面的问题作以探讨。全文共分九个部分,每一部分探讨一个问题：绪论,提出了青铜罍研究的目的与意义,并且对以往的研究史做了回顾。第一章,关于青铜罍的定名与功用问题,根据有专名的青铜罍的形制推导出了青铜罍的标准形制,且依据文献记载与出土材料,证明了青铜罍在商周时期既可以作为酒器也可以作为水器。另外还从商周时期青铜罍自名称谓的变化讨论了其在青铜礼器中地位的变化情况。第二章,关于青铜罍的类型学分析与年代推断,主要以科学发掘出土的青铜罍为分析对象,运用类型学原理对其进行了型式分析,并且在形式划分的基础之上,将青铜罍的发展总共分为九期,对于每期的特点、演变规律、流行地域等问题进行了归纳总结,大致厘清了青铜罍的发展脉络。第三章,关于青铜罍的墓葬组合研究,以科学发掘且未经盗扰或虽经轻微扰动但是器物组合仍然完整的墓葬为选取对象,依据面积大小将其划分为大中小三个层次,通过考察各类墓葬中随葬青铜罍的数量、体量、与其它器类的组合关系以及和墓主人的位置关系等,从而了解使用者的地位等级以及当时的葬制葬俗等问题。第四章,区域特征分析,按照青铜罍的地域分布范围,将全国划分为七个文化区,将边远文化区的青铜罍的文化特色和中原文化区进行比较,认为商周青铜罍可以分为三种文化类型,即：中原式、中原——地方式和地方特色,并且认为在商周时期,中原和地方的文化交流是互动的,而不是单方面的传承与接受。第五章,探讨了青铜罍的使用者族属问题,主要是在张懋镕先生“日名、族徽说”的指导下,结合能够判明商周族属的考古材料进行推理,认为B型罍和方罍的使用者绝大多数是殷遗民或者是殷遗民的后裔,而青铜(?)则是周人所用之器。第六章,对折肩无耳罍和广肩大口尊、瓿的关系进行了分析探讨,提出了区分的标准与方法,另外还对东周时期的青铜罍((?))和缶的关系进行了论述。第七章,探讨了青铜罍的起源与消亡问题,认为青铜圆罍起源于陶罍而方罍起源于木罍,在战国晚期由于铁器的普遍使用而退出了历史舞台。结语,对于全文探讨的问题作了总结,并且提出了一些尚待解决的问题,以期在时机成熟的时候做更加深入的研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 Bronze lei began to appear during Er Li Gang period of Shang Dynasty, popular in the upper class in late Shang and Zhou of Dynasty. The containers tend to die in late warring period and the quantity of them which are discovered by handed are much more than 280, bronze lei in Shang of dynasty occupied very important position. Although the study involved bronze lei since the Northern Song Dynasty began, due to different research purposes, scholars often focused on one aspect of bronze lei in the past, few have conducted systematic research. This article intends to give full study on the basis of previous studies, and apply typology, statistics, analysis of cultural factors, the double evidence and other research methods to explore the definition naming and function, type classification, age inferred method, burial object combinations, geographical features, ethnicity, and the relationship with big mouth and broad shoulders zun, Bu, Fou and the origin and disappearance of them.The paper is divided into eight parts; each part analyzes one respect:The part of introduction proposes the purpose and meaning of bronze lei, and historical development of the previous studies.In chapter one, the paper illustrates naming and function of the bronze lei. According to a special bronze lei in the shape, standard bronze lei shape was derived. And also based on historical records and unearthed material, we proved that in the Shang and Zhou Dynasty bronze lei device can be used either as a wine or water heater, which was used in the medium-term of the Western Zhou Dynasty. From the name changing of, the paper disuses the status changes in the bronze wares.In chapter two, the question is on the typology analysis of bronze lei and years’inference. The author mainly excavated typology theory type analysis to divide the development of bronze lei into 9 periods based on the forms division. To each period, the features, the evolution of rules, popular areas and other issues are summarized to clarify the development of bronze lei in general.In chapter three, it surrounds on the burial combinations of bronze lei. The objects studied are burial combinations without stealing by the scientific excavation and a slight interference or disturbance but still full of burial artifacts. According to an area of medium, the burial can be divided into three levels. By examining the burial bronze lei number of all kinds of buried combination, dimensions, and a combination with other objects and the relationship with the owner of the tomb in order to know the status of the user and burial custom system in that time.In chapter four, the paper discusses the regional characteristics. In accordance with the spatial distribution, the country is divided into seven Cultural District.we compare the features of bronze lei from remote cultural district with that of Central Plains and get the result that bronze lei of Shang and Zhou can be divided into three cultural types:central plains type, the central plains-dialects and dialects. And also in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the exchanges between the central plains and the local cultural are interactive rather than unilateral transmission and reception.In chapter five, we discuss the identity of users of bronze lei. Under the guidance of "days’ name, clan symbol" mainly guided by Mr. Zhang Maorong, the author based on archaeological materials identifying Shang and Zhou Clan infers that users of B-side lei and square lei are main descendants of Yin Dynasty or Yin Dynasty, while the bronze is a device used in the Zhou Dynasty.In chapter six, the writer analyzes the relation among shoulder of the lei and no ears, big mouth wide shoulder and fou and proposes the distinction between the standards and methods. Besides, this chapter also illustrates the relation between bronze lei and fou in the period of Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Because in the late warring period the widespread usage of iron is out of the stage of history.In conclusion, the author makes a summary and gives some problems needed solving so that we can study deeply when it becomes ripe.更多还原