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先秦时期“出奔”现象研究
【作者】 王燕；
【导师】 赵世超；
【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2010， 硕士
【摘要】 本文在前辈学者研究的基础之上,以春秋时期的“出奔”现象为重点,全面考察了“出奔”现象在整个先秦时期的发展脉络及演变情况,以期从这一特殊的侧面展现先秦时期的社会现状和发展变化,对早期国家发展进程的研究有所裨益。全文主要内容有三大部分：在第一部分中主要列举原始氏族时期、夏商西周时期的“出奔”现象,并分析了“出奔”现象在原始氏族时期已肇端,夏商西周时期有所发展的情况。“出奔”现象盖源于古代的流刑,最早是一种惩罚的手段。政治斗争中失败贵族多率族出逃,且他们出奔的远近距离幅度较大,多奔到戎蛮之地,遵从当地的风俗,由于文化程度相对较高,多被当地人拥为首领。第二部分包括2、3、4章,全面考察了春秋时期的“出奔”事例,还深入分析了此时期“出奔”现象盛行的原因、产生的深远影响及体现出来的时代特点和特征,这是本文的重点所在。笔者将《春秋》、《左传》和《国语》中所记奔者按年次、出奔人员、出奔原因、去向及以后的发展情况进行了档案统计,以期在此基础之上,对春秋时期“出奔”现象的相关因素如出奔的类型、出奔地的选择、贿赂与盟誓在出奔中所起作用、出奔者结局以及出奔的特征作出如实分析,再现春秋时期的社会现状。春秋时期的“出奔”现象形成了不小的规模,以致有了一些具体的制度性规定及相关礼仪形式,本文对此进行了细致梳理。另外,笔者对“出奔”现象盛行的原因进行了透彻分析,并深入探讨了“出奔”现象对当时社会产生的深远影响。经此深入研究,笔者认识到在宗法血缘关系占支配地位的春秋时期,“出奔”现象也因此体现出浓厚的时代特点和浓重的集团性色彩,这是本文的一个创新之处。此外,春秋时期的社会具有过渡性特点,旧的统治基础被破坏,新因素层出不穷,“出奔”的深远影响就体现在对当时的社会变动起了一个推波助澜的作用,一定程度上对早期国家发展进程起了促进作用。第三部分讨论战国时期“出奔”现象的新变化,这是以往学者很少涉及到的部分。这一部分通过对战国时期的“出奔”现象与春秋时期进行比较,发现战国时期仍存在一些与春秋奔者类似的流亡者,但这种性质的人才流动已不占主导地位。“出奔”现象的外延与内涵皆发生了新变化,大量活跃于战国政治舞台上的是与春秋奔者在人员成份构成、出国原因和最终目标等方面都大相径庭的游说之士。究其原因,是因为到战国时期,社会发生了天翻地覆般的大变化,士阶层地位上升,摆脱了以往的束缚,个人价值受到重视。士阶层竞相奔走于各个国家,成为当时各国政治舞台上的主角。“出奔”现象有了一个鲜明的转变,即由集团性色彩浓重向个人化方向发展,表明人们摆脱了宗族血缘关系的制约,其流动更加自由与正常化。
【Abstract】 This article investigates the development and evolvement of the escape phenomenon in the whole Pre-Qin period on the basis of the former scholars’researches,while the key point is the period of Spring and Autumn.It will help us to understand the development of the society and the process of the Chinese early country from one special side.The article is composed of three parts:The first part is to list the escape phenomena in the primitive clan society and Xia,Shang,Zhou, concluding that this phenomena originated in the primitive society and developed in Xia,Shang and Zhou.It derived from exile and was a kind of penalty in the earlist.The nobles who failed in political struggle always escaped with their races,and the distances is large,always to the savage places,where they bacame leaders again because of their higher degree of education.The second part,which includes the second,third and fouth sections,is the key part of this paper.It is to investigate the escape examples in the Spring and Autumn period,and the reason of its prevalentness,its profound influence and its age characteristics.It will sum up the time,the personnel, the cause, the direction,and the development of the escape phenomena from the records of Spring and Autumn,Zuo zhuan and Guo yu,so as to analyse the style,the destination,the role of bribe and pledge,the result and the trait of escape,and to recur the social condition of the Spring and Autumn. Because of the massive escape,it had produced some concrete institutions and relative rituals.This paper particularly inquires them.Besides,it discusses the historical background and actual causes of escape and its effects on the society.These researches will help us to realize that the escape phenomena strongly shows time and collective traits of the Spring and Autumn.This is an innovative point of the article.What’s more,the period of Spring and Autumn is a transitionary period,while the old reigning basis had been destroied and the new element came forth.The escape phenomenon have promoted the variation of the society,and accelorate the development of the earlier country to some extent.The third part is about the new changes of the escape phenomenon in Zhan Guo period,which the former scholars have rarely pay attention to.By comparing with the Spring and Autumn period,it reveals that there were some exile similar to the exile of the Spring and Autumn period,but they were not the major.Its connotation and the extention changed.The people who were active on the political stage were lobbyists who were widely divergent with the Spring and Autumn period’s in constitute,reason,ultimate goal,and so on.The causes included the great change of the society,the rise of the gentry’s social status.They had get rid of the bondage,and their value was treasured.The gentry run back and forth among countries,and became the protagonist of the countries’ political stage.The escape phenomenon changed obviously:personal behavior took the place of the strong collectivity,which indicate that people had broke away from the bondage of the blood-relationship, and their migration became more free and normal.