【作者】 张玲；

【导师】 刘强；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 采用田间试验,以优质杂交冬油菜新品种湘杂油763为供试材料,研究了不同施肥量和施肥时期处理下,籽粒产量、养分积累量、叶片叶绿素含量、农艺性状、秸秆可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量、籽粒品质、肥料利用率的变化。研究结果如下：在施氮0-16 kg/667m2、施磷0-8 kg/667m2、施钾0-14 kg/667m2、施硼0-0.08kg/667m2范围内,增施氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、硼肥能够显著提高油菜产量,但是经济效益不断下降。根据施肥量和产量的回归方程计算表明,氮、磷、钾、硼施用量分别为20.3 kg/667m2、10.1 kg/667m2、17.7kg/667m2、0.10 kg/667m2时,产量达到最高值162kg/667m2。除了越冬期绿叶数和总叶数之外的大部分农艺性状、产量构成因素及叶片叶绿素含量对施肥水平的反应敏感,随施肥量的提高而明显得到促进；越冬期绿叶数、总叶数、每角果粒数及秸秆游离氨基酸含量对施肥水平的反应也比较敏感,在施肥水平3以下,随着施肥量的增加而增加,施肥量超过施肥水平3时不再增加或反而降低；千粒重和秸秆可溶性糖含量对施肥水平最不敏感,施肥量增加时并没有显著变化；而根冠比和叶痕数随施肥量的增加而减少。盛花期叶绿素含量、株高、分枝位、最大叶长、最大叶宽以及收获期株高和角果数与产量的关系达到极显著正相关。氮磷钾硼吸收量随施肥量的增加而增加,虽然越冬期和盛花期养分吸收量与产量之间也有正相关关系,但只有收获期养分吸收量与产量之间呈极显著正相关；肥料利用率随施肥量的增加呈减少的趋势。不同施肥水平下籽粒品质的差异相对较小,油份含量随着施肥量的增加而减少,蛋白质含量随着施肥量的增加而增加,硫苷和芥酸含量不因施肥量的变化而变化。氮肥施用时期对油菜生长的影响较大,以基肥：苗肥：薹肥=5：2：3处理的籽粒产量最高,其次是基肥：苗肥：薹肥=6：2：2处理,基肥：苗肥：薹肥=10：0：0处理的最低,单株角果数、每角果粒数、养分吸收量、绿叶数、茎粗、最大叶长和叶宽、叶片叶绿素含量、秸秆游离氨基酸和肥料利用率等指标也有类似的变化趋势,而氮肥施用时期对千粒重的影响不显著,秸秆可溶性糖的含量变化趋势与籽粒产量相反。磷肥和钾肥施用时期对油菜生长的影响较小,在不同磷肥施用时期和钾肥施用时期处理下籽粒产量、产量构成因素、养分积累量、茎叶性状及部分生理指标均没有显著差异。不同磷肥施用时期处理的肥料利用率差异较小,不同钾肥施用时期处理的肥料利用率,以基肥：苗肥：薹肥=6：2：2处理最高、其次是以基肥：苗肥：薹肥：花费=6：1：2.5：0.5处理、基肥：苗肥：薹肥=10：0：0处理最低。在本试验所设的8种处理中,以氮肥基肥：苗肥：薹肥=5：2：3、磷肥和钾肥基肥：苗肥：薹肥=10：0：0处理和氮肥基肥：苗肥：薹肥=5：2：3、磷肥基肥：苗肥：薹肥=6：2：2、钾肥基肥：苗肥：薹肥=10：0：0处理的籽粒产量并列最高,经济效益也最高,这两个处理的农艺性状、养分吸收量、叶绿素含量也相对较高,但肥料利用率居于中等水平。所有施肥时期处理对油份含量没有显著影响,对蛋白质、硫苷和芥酸的含量有一定的影响。不同施肥时期处理下,收获期的养分吸收量、盛花期和收获期的农艺性状、盛花期叶绿素含量与籽粒产量呈显著或极显著正相关,说明以上指标对产量形成的贡献较大。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this study, high quality hybrid rapeseed variety Xiangzayou 763 were researched in order to investigate the effects of different fertilizer application rates and period on the characteristics of winter rapeseed yield, nutrient accumulation, physiological indicators, grain quality and fertilizer utilization under field conditions. The principal results were as follows:Increasing N、P、K、B fertilizer can prominently promote rape yields under the N、P、K、B supply at level of 16 kg/667m2、8 kg/667m2、14 kg/667m2、0.08 kg/667m2;The economic benefits declined constantly.According to fertilization and yield regression equation, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron application rate was 20.3 kg/667m2, 10.1 kg/667m2,17.7kg/667m2,0.10 kg/667m2, the yield reached the highest value 162kg/667m2.Most agronomic traits, yield components and leaf chlorophyll content sensitive to fertilizer level and obvious promoted by increased fertilizer level except winter green leaves and total leaf number. Winter leaves, total leaf number, grain number per pod and free amino acid content of straw also sensitive to fertilization level.They increased with fertilization level under level 3,but decreased when fertilization level surpass level 3. Seed dry weight per 1,000 seeds and soluble sugar content of straw did not sensitive to fertilizer level,did not increase with level. But the shoot ratio reduced with the increasing fertilizer. Flowering chlorophyll content, plant height, branch position, maximum leaf length and width, harvest height and pod number very significant positive correlation with yield.NPKB fertilizer uptake increased with fertilizer level increasing, although the winter and flowering nutrient absorption were positive correlation with yield, but only harvest nutrient uptake were highly significant positive correlation with yield; fertilizer utilization reduced by the increase in fertilizer.Grain quality was relatively small differences under different fertilizer level, oil content reduced with increasing fertilizer, protein content increased with the increase of fertilizer, glucosinolate and erucic acid content is not due to changes in fertilizer change. N fertilizer application had great influence on the growth of rape, Basal:Miaofei: Bolt fat=5:2:3 treatment grain yield was highest, followed by Basal:Miaofei:Bolt fat =6:2:2 processing, Basal:Miaofei:Bolt fat=10:0:0 treatment minimum. Pods per plant, grain number per pod, nutrient uptake, leaf number, stem diameter, maximum leaf length and leaf width, leaf chlorophyll content, free amino acids of straw and fertilizer utilization and other indicators have a similar trend. The nitrogen fertilizer application effects on seed dry weight per 1,000 seeds was not significant, the trend of soluble sugar content of straw was opposite to grain yield.PK fertilizer application had less affected on growth of rape. Under different PK application treatments, grain yield, yield components, nutrient accumulation, leaf traits and physiological indicators did not have significantly difference. Fertilizer utilization had little difference under the treatment of different P fertilizer application. Fertilizer utilization had Influential under the treatment of different K fertilizer application, Basal:Miaofei:Bolt fat=6:2:2 highest, followed by Basal:Miaofei:Bolt fat:Cost= 6:1:2.5:0.5 treatment, Basal:Miaofei:Bolt fat=10:0:0 treatment was the lowest.In this experiment, the 8 established treatment, N fertilizer application Basal: Miaofei:Bolt fat=5:2:3, PK fertilizer application, Basal:Miaofei:Bolt fat=10:0:0 treatment and N Basal:Miaofei:Bolt fat=5:2:3, P Basal:Miaofei:Bolt fat=6:2:2, K Basal:Miaofei:Bolt fat=10:0:0 treatment both had the highest grain yield, economic benefits was the highest. The two treatment agronomic traits, nutrient uptake, chlorophyll content is relatively high, but fertilizer utilization living in the middle. All the fertilizer application treatments on oil content had no significant effect.But had certain effect on the protein, glucosinolate and erucic acid content.Harvesting of the agronomic traits and nutrient uptake, flowering of the agronomic traits and chlorophyll content were significant or highly significant positive correlation to grain yield under different periods treatments of fertilization, indicating the formation of these indicators did major contribution to yield.更多还原