【作者】 徐旭；

【导师】 谭纵波；

【作者基本信息】 清华大学 ， 建筑学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 随着我国宪法修正案和物权法的颁布,私有财产保护已成为城市规划管理中不可忽视的议题。对以保护私有财产为主要目的的美国区划制度的“制度设计”进行研究,可以为我国的城市规划管理提供一定参考。本文研究的区划制度设计是指区划管理机构的设置方式和区划编制、修订、立法、行政及司法的程序设计。本论文可分为三部分:第一部分(第1、2、3章)主要对美国的区划和美国式“民主、自由”思想进行研究,这些研究有助于更好的理解美国区划的制度设计;第二部分(第4、5、6章)主要探讨美国区划管理机构的设置方式和区划编制、修订、立法、行政及司法的程序设计,其中第4章从美国1926年的标准州区划授权法案(商业部制定的标准)入手,对区划的机构设置和相关程序做简单分析;第5、6章通过对美国两个城市的城市宪章和区划制度的研究,对区划的机构组织方式和相关程序做深入分析;最后,第三部分(第7、8章)系统的总结和分析区划制度设计的特点和实质,并提出区划制度设计的启示。美国是一个崇尚“自由”的“民主法制”国家,宪法在美国具有崇高地位,三权分立、地方自治和代议制民主是美国政体最重要的特点,“程序正义”原则是政府行使权力的重要原则。美国联邦政府、州政府和地方政府三者之间的权力划分很清晰,土地利用管理属于地方政府管辖范畴。区划法作为美国地方政府管理土地利用的法律工具,有着突出的重要地位。区划制度是政府管理制度,其设计体现着美国政体的特点。可以说,区划的制度设计体现了美国式“自由”、“平等”精神,体现了“权力的分立和制衡”特点,也体现了“程序正义”的原则。区划制度为土地利益相关方(政府、市场力量、其他利益团体等)提供了一个平等的博弈平台。这个利益博弈游戏的游戏规则——区划制度,不是由政府一方制定,而是多方力量共同达成的契约。在区划编制、修订、立法、行政及司法的过程中,各方力量参与其中,相互限制、相互妥协,最终达成一个大家都接受的平衡。区划,就如同政治一样,在很大程度上是一种妥协的艺术。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the adoption of Constitutional Amendment Bill of the P.R.C and the Real Rights Law of the P.R.C, the protection of property rights becomes more and more important, especially in the realm of urban administration. The institutional design of the United States zoning, which is mainly designed for protection of property rights, provided a reference for improving the urban administrative system in China.This thesis offers a detailed and comprehensive description of the United States zoning system involving institutional structure of zoning governing body and the procedures of zoning preparation, legislation, administration and litigation.This thesis consists of three distinct parts. The first;part of the thesis presents the purposes and nature of United States zoning and the political culture in the United States of America. The Second part, the main body of this text, consists of detailed discussion of the institutional framework and procedures of zoning. Chapter 4 presents the outline of the zoning system established by The Standard State Zoning Enabling Acts in 1926. Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 discuss the institutional framework and procedures of zoning in detail by investigating the zoning systems in New York City and the City of Portland. Part III of this thesis consists the final two chapters. Chapter 7 focuses on the nature of zoning system. The last chapter discusses the implications draw from the research of zoning system of the US to provide a reference for the regulatory planning in China.The United Stated of America is a federal constitutional republic, which is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country’s supreme legal document. In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government, federal, state, and local.Zoning Ordinance, a major law of regulating land use, is mandated by the State governments and administered by the local government. As the land use governing rule of the government, the zoning system has the same nature as the United States political system, which consists of self-governance, checks and balances, power separation and procedure due process.Zoning can be seen as a big-stake game of property interest. In theory, the players of the game --- market-oriented interests, special interest groups and government, are constantly in conflict. In practice, these conflicts are moderated by the zoning system ---“the rules of the game”. The players enter the game and play around with the rules to achieve a balance of interests.Zoning, in other words, just like politics, is an art of compromise.更多还原