查苏利奇与俄国社会主义运动

【作者】 孙永亮；

【导师】 曹维安；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 世界史， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 薇拉·查苏利奇是俄国著名的女革命家,被称为俄国“第一个女马克思主义者”。她既是俄国马克思主义的先驱之一,是最初组成劳动解放社的五名成员之一,也是19世纪末20世纪初著名的《火星报》的编辑之一。青年时期,她因为特列波夫枪击事件而成为国内外闻名的“女刺客”,她同马克思讨论俄国农村公社问题的通信也是马克思主义理论界经常讨论的问题之一。查苏利奇的一生与俄国革命运动和社会主义运动紧密相连,并为俄国的社会主义革命事业做出了很大贡献。长期以来,我们对查苏利奇的历史所知不多,因此本文拟以《查苏利奇与俄国社会主义运动》为题,在对查苏利奇的个人生平以及她的革命生涯进行介绍的基础上,论述查苏利奇对俄国社会主义革命一些问题的看法以及她在俄国社会主义革命中的历史地位。本文基本观点：查苏利奇的一生是不平凡的一生,她因为特列波夫枪击事件而成为俄国家喻户晓的女英雄,后来又成为俄国的第一个女马克思主义者,是劳动解放社的创立者之一又是著名的《火星报》的最初的编辑部成员。查苏利奇对俄国的社会主义革命运动做出了巨大的贡献,她在马克思主义的宣传和理论研究方面是卓有成效的,同时她还积极致力于促进革命运动内部的团结活动,在社会主义运动中充当“调停人”的角色。查苏利奇漫长的革命经历中也值得后人思考,特别是她对革命道德的坚持。她出于道德动机而做出了刺杀特列波夫的举动,后来又是因为道德的原因强烈反对恐怖主义。她认为社会主义的优越性很大一部分是体现在道德上,即社会主义社会能够提高人们的道德水平,增加整个社会的道德总量。同时,她认为,作为社会主义社会缩影的无产阶级政党也应该是一个高尚的道德载体,它应该是团结的,而不应该趋于分裂,党也不应该是一个限制成员资格、秘密的活动方式、集权式结构的党。正是基于这种思想,查苏利奇热衷于调解革命团体和政党内部的冲突,反对列宁的“民主集中制”建党原则,也反对列宁领导的十月革命。查苏利奇的一生是悲剧的一生,她的道德理想最终以失败告终,党分裂了；布尔什维克最终掌握了政权。但是,查苏利奇的思想是宝贵的,值得每个社会主义政党借鉴和思考。本文共分六个部分。第一部分主要是介绍查苏利奇的青年时代。这一部分叙述了查苏利奇青年时期的人生经历。第二部分论述恐怖主义问题。在叙述特列波夫枪击案以及随后的对查苏利奇的审判的基础上,研究了查苏利奇案件对俄国恐怖主义的影响和查苏利奇对恐怖主义的态度。第三部分论述查苏利奇对俄国社会主义革命的探讨。首先介绍了查苏利奇与马克思的通信,解释了在农村公社问题背后所隐藏的革命前途问题,进而研究查苏利奇对俄国革命的看法。第四部分论述查苏利奇的社会主义政党观。一方面阐述查苏利奇的革命团结思想,一方面介绍查苏利奇在俄国社会民主工党二大后同列宁的分歧,进而研究查苏利奇在政党问题上的观点。第五部分以简短的篇幅介绍了查苏利奇最后的岁月。论文的最后一部分为结束语,对全文进行了总结。更多还原

【Abstract】 Vera Zasulich, as "the first women Marxist", is a famous women revolutionary in Russia, who is not only one of the pioneers of Russian Markism and among five members making up the original Labor Group, but also one of the editors of the famous Iskra in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The Trepov Shooting makes her well-known as "Women Assassin"at home and abroad. Furthermore, the correspondence between her and Mark discussing the issues of Russian rural commune is one of those which are often talked about in the zone of Markism。All her life is closely connected with Russian revolution and socialism campaigns, and she makes great contributions to Russian socialist revolution career. For a long time, we don’t know much history about Zasulich, and therefore this essay, whose title is Vera Zasulich and Russian Socialism Movment, is ready to expound her own ideas about Russian socialism revolution and her position in the revolution history, based on the introduction of her life story and revolution career.The basic opinion of this essay is as follows:Zasulich’s life is a great life. Owing to The Trepov Shooting, she becomes a household heroine, later the first women Marxist in Russia, one of the founders of Labor Group and the original members of the famous Iskra in edition department. She makes great contributions to Russian socialism revolution. She does well in the propagation and theory research of Marxism and she devotes to improving the inner union in the socialism acting as the role of the intermediary. Her long revolutionary experience, especially her honour to revolutionary morals, is well worth thinking over by the following generations. She assassinate Trepov.motivated by her morals and is strongly against terrorism due to the same moral. She thinks the advantages of socialism are partially represented in morals, that is, socialism can improve people’s moral levels, even the whole nation. Meanwhile, in her opinion, proletarian party as the epitome of socialism, should be carriers of noble moral, united rather than tending to be separated, and the party should not be a secret and centralized one which limits the members. Just based on this view, being into mediating the conflicts in their party and revolutionary groups, she is against Lenin’s Democratic Centralism and The October Revolution lead by Lenin. Zasulich’s life is a tragedy in that her moral view ends up in failure, the party divides and Bolshevik take charge of the political power finally. However, her idea is very precious and worth learning and thinking by every socialism party。This essay consists of 6 parts.The first part mainly introduces the youth age of Zasulich, namely, her life story in the youth. The second part discusses the terrorism. Following the description of The Trepov Shooting and the trial to Zasulich, the influence it has on the Russian terrorism and her attitude to terrorism will be discussed in this part.The third part explains Zasulich’s probe to Russian socialist revolution. It first introduces the correspondence between Zasulich and Marx, and then explains the prospect problems hiding behind the rural commune, followed by her attitude towards Russian revolution.The fourth part expounds Zasulich’s attitude to socialism party. On one hand, it expresses her ideas about revolutionary union; on the other hand, it introduces the divergence between her and Lenin after The Second Congress of theRussian Social Democratic Labor Party., and then study her own views on party issues.The fifth part reviews her final years.The last part is the conclusion, which makes a summary about the whole essay.更多还原