论生育权主体的认定与法律保护

【作者】 王菲；

【导师】 李秀华；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 民商法学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 生育权是指自然人繁衍后代的权利。作为婚姻法调整的内容,它是夫妻双方在婚姻家庭关系中的一项基本权利。近年来生育权纠纷不断出现,生育权主体理论研究愈加深入,其探讨不再局限于婚姻内部。生育权的主体范围、行使方式以及应受到的各种限制等,都成为学者热议的话题。我国法律对此,既没有做到具体细化,也未能推陈出新,迎合时代步伐与国际主流,着实令人遗憾。鉴于此,本文主要采用比较分析与实践分析相结合的方法,探讨我国生育权主体的学理关联、实践保护与立法构造,以期推进我国生育权主体的法律研究。生育权主体究竟涵盖何等范围与资质人群?对此应从生育权性质入手,构建生育权学理与主体之关联。结合传统理论与实践纠纷,生育权性质应完整解读为宪法权利与民事权利的完美融合,兼具身份性特征的人格权。以此理论指导生育权主体的认定,并将其划分为婚姻内外两类人群。婚姻内部生育权主体为夫妻,鉴于女性是生育过程的绝对载体,生育涉及到其身体权处分,因此需给予妻子特殊关注,以实现夫妻主体地位的实质平等;婚姻外部生育权主体,即在非婚状态下欲实现生育的个人,对此类特殊主体认定应从生育基础理论入手,探寻其实现生育的必要性与可行性。同时中国社会的传统生育观念不可摒弃,人口大国的计划生育政策仍将沿袭,因此给予生育权主体以必要限制,实为明智之举。现阶段我国生育权主体立法缺失,无论是理论认定,还是现实推进,都存在一定空白。尤其是对于婚内主体的权利冲突及解决、特殊主体的限制与保护等问题,“无法可依”成为实践中最大难题。因此应作如下立法构建:首先,完善《宪法》、《婚姻法》、《人口与计划生育法》相关规则,不但从制度上扩大生育权主体的认定范围,而且从技术层面细化对生育权主体的保护路径;其次,出台相应司法解释,以解决实践中出现的各类生育权纠纷;最后从长远角度,将其纳入未来民法典亲属篇,亦为构建生育权主体立法的必要举措。目前不断涌现的实践新问题,反映出生育权主体立法之紧要性,不仅在于解决此项专题,更在于健全我国法制。对生育权主体的认定与法律保护,不但需顺应时代潮流,跟进国际主流,更应从国情出发,构建适合我国本土气候的法律体系,以便增强良法的公信力度。更多还原

【Abstract】 Reproductive right which is the content of marriage law is the right of natural person who to reproduce. It is one basic right owned by the couple in the legal nexus of marriage and family. To be accompanied by an increasing number of reproductive right disputes, the theory of reproductive rights subjects is more and more complicated, and the investigation of right as principal is never restricted to the category of marriage law. Who owned the qualification of reproductive right subject and how to protect and how to regulate every kind of reproductive right subjects evolve as the hot topic of the theme. But the research of reproductive right in our country is almost blank. For this reason, this text contains academic connection. The practice of review of the right, the legislative structure of reproductive right subject, mainly using comparative analysis and research analysis, in hopes that I can still find a new age of the research of reproductive right subject.Whether reproductive subject can be the reproductive right subject or not, and how widely and which kind of human can be included in the reproductive right subject, regarding this problem, we must construct the relationship between reproductive right theory and reproductive right subject from the angel of the nature of right of birth. Therefore, the premise of discussing the category of the reproductive right subject is the definition of the nature of right of birth. Be based on traditional understanding and all kinds of disputes in practice, endows a fresh reading on the nature of right of birth, that means a perfect harmony of constitutional right, civil right and right of personality with identification characteristics.The reproductive right subject includes not only the couples, but also special subjects who are unmarried. In our country, we did not protect and accept the special subjects who are unmarried at this stage, how to solve this kind of problem in practice is one of the issues we are most concerned on. It is giving no cause for much criticism to give necessary right restriction to reproductive rights subjects, and at the same time it is the important basis to harmonize the contradiction of law lagging behind and real life at this stage of China, because the basis stage policy of family planning and traditional reproductive concept are still existing at china society.The legislative structure of reproductive right subject is the missing part of our country′legislation at the present stage whether be from the angel of theoretical confirmation or be from the angel of tort relief met in reality. To the reproductive right which has human right attribution and civil right attribution, normative protection of reproductive rights of Public Law & Private Law is not excessive. Therefore, our country shall perfect <Constitution>, <Marriage Law>, <the Population and Family Planning Law>, etc. The goal is to construct the protection mechanism of reproductive right, at the same time, taking the legislation of reproductive right subject into Chapter Relatives of Civil Code is the trend of times.The problems about the reproductive rights subjects are no result. Quite a few learning concepts and the new problems that spring up reflect the necessity and emergency of legislation for reproductive rights subjects, which not only to solve this special subject, but also strengthen Chinese legal system. Protecting reproductive rights subjects by laws not only need to comply with era trend, follow international main aspect, but also pay attention to national conditions, make up suitable legal procedure to make everybody trust the good laws.更多还原