【作者】 王华；

【导师】 朱光磊；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 行政管理， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 “异地商会”是一种出现于20世纪90年代中期的第三部门组织现象。它是由同一原籍地的外来投资企业(包括个体工商户)在其注册登记地依法自愿发起组建,带有原籍地行政区域名称特征的非营利性社会团体法人。不同于中国其他经济类NGO的成长模式,作为中国经济社会发展的特殊产物,异地商会产生于自下而上的民间推动。由于它们的利益诉求与地方政府的发展目标相契合,遂以其强大的经济效应和独特的组织优势,逐步介入社会治理,并对公共政策的制定和执行产生了重要影响。本文以异地商会为研究对象,在系统描绘其组织体系与发展现状的基础上,深入分析它们的成长模式和行为策略,并探索其在公共政策制定和执行过程中的影响力。异地商会与其他类型的经济类NGO相比,其特殊性在于：(1)特殊的“双连结”现象。异地商会既是连结企业和政府的纽带,又是连结原籍地经济与所在地经济的窗口,这种独特而重要的社会功能使其组织模式更为令人关注；(2)特殊的身份。根据国务院颁布的《社团登记管理条例》,异地商会由于没有明确的业务主管单位而不具备合法性,但它们却通过游说、谈判、嫁接等灵活方式以旺盛的姿态发展起来。(3)特殊的功能。它们不仅承担了一般商会的功能,为会员企业提供组织化的利益表达渠道,为政府和企业搭建对话平台,更为重要的是,它为地方政府间的经济合作开辟了新的领域,甚至上升为一·种地方政府间经济合作的有效机制。(4)行为的多样性。异地商会由于在成长过程中主导力量的不同,有的侧重于为会员提供公共服务和信息支撑,有的侧重于促进政府间的经济合作,有的侧重于运用各种政治策略影响公共政策。从成长模式来看,根据产生过程中主导力量的不同,异地商会可以分为政府主导型,官民合作型和民间生发型。从行为策略来看,异地商会根据其发展程度和阶段的不同而灵活采用不同的策略,主要包括：服务会员策略、服务政府策略以及影响政策策略。其中,影响政策策略的运用最为广泛,已有研究表明,它们影响公共政策的策略大致有五种：制度化参与,信息咨询,利益代言,营造政治效应,广泛运用社会动员。本文将这些策略概括为三个层次,分别是核心——直接参与到决策制定过程,成为决策者；中心——影响决策者；外围——影响决策外围,以间接影响决策。在对异地商会的成长模式和行为策略进行理论提炼的基础上,本文提出了核心的研究假设——成长模式是异地商会行为选择的决定性因素,也即不同的成长模式决定了异地商会不同的行为策略。(1)它们善于利用最“靠近”自己的资源来确定行为策略的选择：由政府主导建立的异地商会是地方政府间的“外交”手段,主要行为策略是为地方政府间横向合作搭建平台和机制；由民间生发的异地商会是异地企业在所在地发展的“保护伞”,主要行为策略是影响政府决策,为会员企业争取资源和提供公共服务。(2)异地商会从成长模式出发,根据自身的发展程度和规模来决定行为重心是外围策略、中心策略,还是核心策略。(3)异地商会成长模式与行为策略存在“相互强化”效应,导致异地商会向官方和民间两极分化。本文选取部分天津典型异地商会作为案例对研究假设进行验证。然而,由于中国转型方式方面的一些特点,有些异地商会也存在着权力与资本在结合中形成官商利益共同体的问题。制度约束和法制化互动机制的缺乏使它们在给地方经济发展带来助益的同时也伤害了社会公平。为此,本文尝试从公共政策过程的角度提出了一些初步的政策建议,力图从制度层面促进其正面效应的发挥,抑制其负面效应的出现。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Non-local chambers of commerce" (NCCs, for short) are a kind of NGO which started to emerge in the middle 1990s. It is the non-profit social group corporation with the name of original administrative region, which are initiated and established voluntarily and legally by the foreign invested enterprises (including individual industrialists and businessmen) from the same original region in the registration place. Unlike the official growth mode in which the state uses in Chinese economic associations, NCCs arise from the bottom-up as a driving force of civil society, accompanying the growing economic strength of civil society. Depending on their strong economic effects and organizational advantages, NCCs use all kinds of political strategies to participate in local governance publicly and impact on the public policy process. Taking NCCs as study object, the dissertation will analyze their growth mode and behavior strategy, and explore their influence in public policy making and implementation, based on describing their organizational system and developing status.Compared with other economic NGOs, the NCCs’specificity reads as follows: First, Special "dual-link" phenomenon. NCCs not only act as a link between enterprise and government, but also a bond links the local and non-local governments, so it is more concerned. Secondly, Special status. According to "Societies Registration Ordinance" promulgated by State Department, NCCs is illegal because they have no definite business unit in charge. But they have carried a very good development by lobbying, negotiation and grafting. Thirdly, Special features. NCCs have played the functions of general CCs, providing organized channels for interests expressing, setting up platform for dialogue between government and business. What is important, NCCs opened a new window for economic cooperation between local governments, and may become an effective mechanism of the economic cooperation among local governments. Fourthly, Behavior diversity. Because of the different dominant force, some of NCCs focus on providing public services and information support to members, and some focus on promoting economic cooperation between the governments, and others focus on using the political strategies to influence policy making.By the point of view on the growth mode, according to the different leading force in the growing process, NCCs can be divided into Government-led, Government-public, and Private-led. By the point of view on the behavior strategy, according to their different stages of development, NCCs use different strategies, which include:Servicing members, Servicing government and Influencing policy. Influencing policy is the most widely used strategy. Studies have demonstrated that there are five broad strategies for them to affect public policy:institutional participation, information consulting, interests representing, creating political effect, extensive use of social mobilization. This paper summarizes these strategies into three levels:Core strategy-act as policy-maker to involve in the policy making process directly, Centre strategy-to influence policy-maker; External strategy-to influence policy outside and affect the policy making indirectly.Based on the refined theory of the growth mode and behavior strategies of NCCs, this dissertation presents a core hypothesis-growth mode is the decisive factor of selection of behavior strategies, that is a different growth pattern determines the different behavior Strategy of NCCs. (1) They are good at using the most "near" resources to determine the choosing behavioral strategies:the government-led NCC is "diplomatic" means, the main strategy is to act as a platform and mechanism for horizontal cooperation among local governments; the NCCs of private type are "umbrellas" for private enterprises to develop in the remote location, the main strategy is to influence government decision-making behavior, to seek resources for the member enterprises and to provide them public services. (2) Starting from the growth mode, the NCCs in different places, according to their degree of development and size to determine the behavior of the external strategic focus, center strategy, or the core strategy. (3) NCCs’growth mode and behavior strategy have "mutually reinforcing" effect to each other, leading to NCCs to polarization. This paper selects typical NCCs in Tianjin as part of the study case to identify the hypotheses.However, due to some features of the way of Chinese transition, there are some problems about NCCs’power and capital formation in the combination of community officials and business interests. The lack of system constraints and legal interaction mechanism makes them useful to local economic development while also hurt the social equity. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to put up with some preliminary policy recommendations on the standpoint of public policy process, and seeks to promote its positive effects, and inhibit the emergence of its negative effects from the institutional level.更多还原