【作者】 陈川；

【导师】 李昌林；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 诉讼法学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 我国三大诉讼法中,唯有《刑事诉讼法》没有规定被告人答辩程序。被告人答辩程序的阙如,导致检察官能够在开庭前单方面影响法官,使法官先入为主。在起诉方式改为复印件主义以后,检察官移送的起诉书和主要证据复印件或者照片,甚至比移送全部案卷材料更容易使法官产生对被告人不利的偏见,这对被告人是非常不利的。另一方面,现行《刑事诉讼法》设立的简易程序,以及司法实践中推行的普通程序简化审,都以被告人认罪为前提,而答辩程序的阙如,导致这两种程序都失去了适用的前提,不利于提高诉讼效率。在推行量刑规范化改革的今天,被告人答辩程序的阙如,还会导致庭审失去重点,对不需要重点解决的定罪问题耗时过多,对需要重点解决的量刑问题一笔带过,不利于量刑规范化改革。因此,研究刑事答辩程序,不但有利于实现程序公正,保护被告人的合法权益,还有利于提高诉讼效率,推进量刑规范化改革的进程。本文除引言和结语外,正文分为四部分。从什么是刑事答辩程序,为什么我国要构建刑事答辩程序,怎样构建我国的刑事答辩程序,以及怎样保障刑事答辩程序的实现四个方面进行论述。第一部分对刑事答辩程序的概念和价值进行研究。刑事答辩程序是指在法院受案后开庭审理前,控辩双方在法官的主持下,被告人亲自发表自己对指控事实的看法,辩护律师在庭上发表辩护意见的程序。它是一个给予被告人在庭审前与法官面对面表达自己辩护意见的机会,并依照被告人的答辩种类来选择庭审程序类型的程序。答辩程序在刑事诉讼中的意义和价值,表现为以下三个方面:首先,答辩程序对程序公正的价值在于实现被告人的诉讼主体地位。在答辩程序中被告人可以与法官面对面陈述自己意见,通过对答辩类型的选择来确定审判程序,实现自己的诉讼主体地位。其次,答辩程序对实体正义的价值在于便于查清案件事情,正确适用法律。控辩双方在答辩程序中都充分发表自己意见,法官在听取双方意见后,能理清诉讼争议点,在答辩程序中形成疑惑,然后在庭审中着重解决疑惑,更加利于查清案件事实,正确适用法律,实现实体正义。最后,答辩程序对诉讼效率的价值在于为庭审繁简分流做铺垫。根据被告人答辩的类型,可以确定案件适用普通程序审理或是简易程序审理。被告人做有罪答辩则适用简易程序,被告人做无罪答辩则适用普通程序。以此更加合理的利用有限的司法资源,提高诉讼效率。第二部分研究我国构建刑事答辩程序的必要性及可行性。普通程序简化审、简易程序都以被告人认罪为前提,这要求我们必须设置答辩程序。设置答辩程序,还有助于实现控辩平衡,实现程序分流,提高诉讼效率,减轻法院的案件负担。所有这些因素表明,我国有必要设立刑事答辩程序。我国理论界已对答辩程序做了研究,为答辩程序的构建提供了理论基础。实践中推行的普通程序简化审,以及某些地方法院进行的类似刑事答辩程序的制度改革,如山东省寿光市人民法院进行的刑事庭前程序改革,为刑事答辩程序的设置提供了实践支撑。因此,在我国设立刑事答辩程序是具有可行性的。第三部分研究如何构建我国的刑事答辩程序。在考察美国、英国、法国、德国、日本的刑事答辩程序的基础上,笔者认为,我国的刑事答辩程序应当包括如下内容:一是答辩程序的启动机制和答辩时间。我国答辩程序应采用法定启动形式,每个诉讼案件都要进行答辩程序。答辩时间是在检察机关起诉到法院,法院立案后法官正式开庭审理前。二是答辩性质。答辩程序属于庭前准备程序,是每个起诉到法院的案件的必经程序。三是答辩形式。以言词答辩为原则,书面答辩为例外的原则。四是刑事答辩程序参与主体及其职责和权限。检察官作为控方参加答辩,法官是答辩程序的主持者,是中立方;法官在答辩程序中充分听取被告人的陈述和辩护律师的辩护意见,做到兼听则明。法院在答辩程序中要履行对被告人的告知义务,客观义务,诉讼照顾义务等。被告人必须亲自到庭参加答辩,并且享有程序参与和选择权、知悉权、辩护权和获得律师帮助权等。与此同时被告人也要履行相应的义务。有辩护律师参与的案件,辩护律师也必须出席答辩程序,并享相应的权利履行相应的义务。五是答辩的种类。我国的答辩程序应分为三类:有罪答辩、无罪答辩以及其他有争议的答辩。六是答辩的内容。七是答辩程序的法律后果。根据不同的答辩种类将导致不同的法律后果,被告人做认罪答辩将导致庭审选择简易程序审理;被告人做无罪答辩或是其他有争议的答辩则将采用普通程序审理。八是答辩程序的救济。未经刑事答辩程序而进行审判的被告人可以程序违法为由提起上诉或是申诉。第四部分研究答辩程序的保障措施。被告人做出答辩,知情是前提。因此,应当改革起诉方式,将现在的起诉复印件主义变更为案卷移送主义。尽量减少由检察官单方认定的“主要证据”影响法官的裁判,避免法官形成先入为主。被告人明知答辩的意义和后果,是被告人选择答辩种类的关键。对于没有律师参与的案件,应当增强法官职权作用,落实法官诉讼关照义务,以期达到实质上的控辩平衡,而且尤为便于被告人做出答辩。此外,我们还应当尽量扩大指定辩护的范围确保被告人律师帮助权的实现。被告人大多法律知识匮乏,对所涉案件没有正确的法律认识,辩护律师参与答辩程序是极其必要的。律师具有专业的法律技能、丰富的诉讼经验,可以从不同于检察官的角度提出辩护意见,利于法官认识案件,整理争议点。被告人不因答辩或者撤回答辩而遭受不利后果,是被告人自愿选择有罪答辩的重要保障。因此,我们应当确立无罪推定原则和被告人反对强迫自证其罪的特权,保障刑事答辩程序中被告人答辩的真实性、自愿性,避免被告人答辩被虚置、形式化。最后,答辩程序设置的效率价值在于实现庭审程序的繁简分流。要实现这一价值,就应当完善我国刑事庭审案件简繁分流制度和庭审程序。对被告人认罪案件,可以启用简易程序,重点审理量刑问题。对被告人不认罪案件,启用普通庭审程序,先解决定罪问题,后解决量刑问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 Criminal procedure systems are built around a series of measures to achieve the three main criminal proceedings the value for us. In order to better achieve these objectives, the author presented in this paper the idea of building a criminal defense program. Criminal defense programs to better protect the dominant position of the defendant’s litigation and litigation rights, protection of procedural fairness; be able to fully listen to the views of both defense and prosecution proceedings, which will help the judges do listen to others and to achieve substantive justice; the predigestion for trial diversion program pave the way, the rational use of judicial resources efficiency of the proceedings.This addition to the introduction and conclusion, the body is divided into four parts. From what is a criminal defense program, why my country want to build a criminal defense program, how to build our country’s criminal defense program, and how to protect the criminal defense program discusses the four aspects.An overview of the first part of the criminal defense program. First, define what is a criminal defense program. Criminal defense program is that after the court case before trial by the prosecution and defense under the auspices of a judge, the accused personally to express their views on the alleged facts, defense counsel made in court proceedings to defend their views. Is to give the accused face to face trial before the judge the opportunity to express their views on defense and in accordance with the defendant’s reply to choose the type of trial type procedures. Secondly, the Criminal litigation value of the three perspectives, namely, to explain procedures in criminal defense in the meaning and value. First, the respondent the value of procedural justice program is to achieve the dominant position of the defendants. In reply, the program statement of the accused face to face with the judge his or her views, through the choice of the respondent to determine the type of trial proceedings. To achieve the dominant position of its own proceedings. Secondly, the respondent entity justice program is to facilitate the identification of cases of the value of things, the proper application of the law. In reply, both defense and prosecution procedures are fully express their views, the judge hearing both sides, we could sort out the proceedings at issue, the formation of doubts respondent program, and then focus on solving the doubts in the court trial, and more beneficial to find out facts of the case, the correct applicable law, to achieve substantive justice. Thirdly, the respondent the value of program effectiveness of the proceedings is to pave the way for the trial, simplified triage. According to the type of defense the defendant can determine cases of the ordinary procedure applicable to the trial, or summary proceedings. The defendant guilty of the respondent to do simple procedures would apply, the defendant not guilty to reply to do the ordinary procedure is applied. As a more reasonable use of limited judicial resources, efficiency of the proceedings.The second part of our country need to build a criminal defense program and its feasibility. First, the Chinese need to build a criminal defense program. To solve problems in judicial practice, it is necessary to build a criminal defense program. First, the guilty plea proceedings in cases flawed. In the case of the accused pleaded guilty, the accused is not the dominant position of the proceedings but was the object of protection; legislation does not provide the defendant guilty of the voluntary nature of the specific review process; general summary trial process is exacerbated by uneven prosecution and the defense. Second, China’s low rate of criminal defense lawyers. The vast majority of criminal cases in China did not participate in the proceedings defense counsel, the defendant’s right of action can not be given due protection. Third, China’s criminal procedure cases of pressure and low efficiency. The limited nature of judicial resources and the gradual increase in cases of conflict between the efficiency of the proceedings should take to alleviate. Fourth, the reform of criminal justice in China there is damage to the pursuit of efficiency in the phenomenon of justice. Construction of the criminal defense process, to prepare for the cases of simplified triage, from the more rational use of scarce science and judicial resources. Second, China to build a criminal defense program is feasible. Code of Criminal Procedure theory community has done a study on the defense program, the construction program for the respondent to provide a theoretical basis. For example, in Professor Xu Jingcun, Professor Chen Weidong and other scholars raised by the Revised Code of Criminal Procedure has been proposed in the works to build a criminal defense procedures for legislative proposals. In judicial practice, China’s criminal procedure in the present case the defendant pleads guilty on summary trial in the ordinary procedure set its aim is to improve the efficiency of our proceedings. Further, the ROC District Court also carried out a similar reform in criminal defense proceedings, the substantive departments in various provinces and municipalities are engaged in tentative reforms, such as Shouguang City, Shandong Province, People’s Court to conduct pre-trial proceedings in criminal reform. Combination of academic theory and judicial practice, practice demonstration effect can be drawn in China to build a criminal defense program is a feasibility.The third part of our criminal defense program to build specific. First, the introduction of foreign criminal defense proceedings. Respectively introduced the United States to identify whether the program counts the defendant, the United Kingdom’s arraignment process, the French investigating a felony trial court’s questioning of defendants, the German procedural law the provisions of defense against the defendant, the Japanese criminal proceedings in the criminal defense program. Second, China’s criminal defense program default. One respondent of proceedings mechanism and time for a reply. Drawing on examples of national legislation and judicial practice of our country, our defense to start the form of a statutory procedure, each case must be to respond to litigation proceedings. Time for a reply at prosecutors charged to court, the Court placed on file after a formal trial before a judge. Second, the nature of the respondent, the respondent belongs to pre-trial procedure preparation procedures for each case to the court to prosecute a necessary procedure. The third is the form of reply to the principle of words to reply, the written reply, as an exception principle. Fourth, the criminal defense and its participation in the proceedings of the main duties and powers. Prosecutor for the prosecution to participate in defense, the judge who presided over the respondent program is neutral; judge in reply to fully listen to the program statement of the accused and defense counsel opinions and listen to others and to achieve. The court proceedings in his reply to the defendant to fulfill this obligation, objective obligations, lawsuits to take care of obligations. The defendant must be personally present at the defense, and enjoy participation in the proceedings and the right to choose, I know that the right to defend rights and rights of access to a lawyer. In the meantime the defendant should also fulfill corresponding obligations. Defense counsel in cases involving the defense lawyers to attend defense program, and enjoy the corresponding rights to fulfill corresponding obligations. Fifth, the type of reply. Reference to Anglo-American countries, has procedures to identify the defendant counts, China’s defense program will be divided into three categories: the respondent guilty, not guilty to reply as well as other controversial reply. 6 for the reply content. 7 the legal consequences of the respondent programs. According to different types of reply will lead to different legal consequences, the defendant did plead guilty to reply will lead to selection summary trial court; the defendant did the respondent not guilty or other controversial defense will be the ordinary proceedings. 8 for the reply of relief. Procedure carried out without a criminal defense trial a defendant may appeal the grounds of procedural law, or complaint.The fourth part of the defense program safeguards. First, the change of our form of the indictment, the prosecution will present a copy of Marxist doctrine changed to transfer files. Unilaterally determined by the prosecutor to minimize the "principal evidence" to influence the judge’s decision to avoid the formation of preconceptions of judges. Secondly, to enhance the role of the judge ex officio judges of the proceedings take care of the implementation of obligations in order to achieve balance between the defense and prosecution in essence, without a lawyer involved in the proceedings is particularly important. Third, establish the presumption of innocence and the accused against forced self-incrimination privilege. The criminal defense program to protect the authenticity of the defendant to reply, the voluntary nature of the respondent to avoid the accused being empty set, formal. Fourth, to expand the scope of the assignment of defense counsel for the accused to help ensure realization of the right. Most of the accused lack of legal knowledge, for the cases without a proper legal awareness, defense lawyers involved in defense programs is extremely necessary. Counsel has a professional legal skills, a wealth of litigation experience, from the point of view is different from the prosecutor defended the views, which will help the judges understand the case, finishing point of contention. Fifth, improve and protect the procedural rights of defense counsel. Sixth, improve our criminal court cases Simplified the triage system. Defense program, based on the defendant to answer the different types and contents, in the cases of diversion mechanisms Simplified procedure trial, the defendant pleaded guilty the case can enable the accused pleaded not guilty cases of summary procedure to enable ordinary court procedures.更多还原