【作者】 兰时乐；

【导师】 谢达平；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 微生物学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 堆肥化是指依靠自然界广泛分布的细菌、放线菌、真菌等微生物,对有机物有效地进行生物降解,使之转化为腐殖质的生物化学处理技术。随着养殖业的规模化,集约化和农业生产的发展,我国畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆的年产量分别为17.3亿吨和6.5亿吨,这些污染物已严重地污染了生态环境,其处理日益成为-个难题。如何有效的处理畜禽粪便和农作物秸秆,使其无害化、减量化和资源化,已成为我们迫切需要解决的问题。本研究成功地从新鲜鸡粪中分离出丝状真菌、放线菌、细菌和酵母菌等微生物菌种136株,经过初筛和复筛试验后得到5株同化恶臭能力强、耐高温的嗜粪微生物菌株。将此5株微生物菌株混合应用于鸡粪发酵处理,可降低氨气和硫化氢气体释放量分别为66.58%和54.44%,减少氮素损失51.0%,最高发酵温度达到68.5℃。添加纤维素分解菌、淀粉分解菌、固氮菌、解磷菌和硅酸盐细菌等功能菌株,制成了一种能促进油菜秸秆和鸡粪发酵的微生物菌剂。本文以油菜秸秆和鸡粪为主要原材料,研究了油菜秸秆和鸡粪好氧高温堆肥过程中营养元素的变化规律。结果表明,堆肥过程中pH值在堆肥前期上升而后期下降；氨态氮、硝态氮、总氮相对含量在堆肥前期下降,后期上升；有效磷在堆肥前期略上升而后期略下降；总钾量呈不断上升趋势；腐殖酸总量随发酵时间延长而下降。鸡粪和油菜秸秆堆肥时间在30天左右为宜。采用平板计数法定量研究了油菜秸秆和鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中不同部位细菌、放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌、纤维素分解细菌和固氮菌数量的变化规律。结果表明,堆肥的上层和中层中,细菌、酵母菌和纤维素分解细菌呈现增加、降低和增加的变化趋势,至发酵第40d,细菌、酵母菌和纤维素分解细菌(cfu／g.干堆肥)分别为4.1×10~9和2.1×10~9、9.1×10~7和6.8×10~7、7.4×10~7和4.6×10~7；放线菌、霉菌和固氮菌的数量在升温期和高温期下降较快,降温期增加,但分别较发酵前降低了36.4%和39.34%、48.1%和49.41%、13.75%和35.46%；堆肥底层中各种微生物在数量上基本呈降低、增加的变化趋势。田间应用结果表明,与单施化肥比较,施用有机堆肥和生物有机无机复混肥均能提高辣椒、豆角、黄瓜、西瓜、夏阳白、烤烟、苋菜的产量,增产幅度为2.49%-59.1%；烤烟株高和茎围分别增加7.7cm和0.7cm,中上等烟产量提高29.02%。土壤细菌总数、放线菌总数、霉菌总数和固氮菌总数分别增加7.14%、6.83%、14.29%和7.5%。更多还原

【Abstract】 Composting is a biochemical technology which organic raw material can be quickly decomposed and transformed to humus by microorganism.6.5×10⁸T livestock dejection and 17.3×10⁸T agricultural straw are respectively producted per year at the aquaculture industry, large-scale, intensive farming and agricultural production development in China. Their pollution is serrious to our the ecological circumstance,and its treatment becomes a difficult problem. It has become an urgent need to solve the problem which deal effectively with animal manure and crop straw to make it harmless, minimization and resources,In these work,136 strains of microorganism which including filamentous fungi,bacteria,actinomycetes and yeast were got from chicken manure.Through screen tests,5 strains of them were gained,F1,HA3,B1,HB2 and Y2,which are manure-liked and temperature-recistance and effective for decomposing of stench compositions.To compaund these 5 strains fermentation liquid together with chicken manure for composition,the amounts of the releasing NH₃ and H₂S were less about 66.85% and 54.44% respectively than that of the control.The loss of nitrogen was less about 51.0% than that of the control.The highest fermentation temperature had reached 68.5℃. A agents of microbial to promote the fermentation of rape straw and chicken manure was made by adding cellulose-decomposing bacteria, starch-decomposing bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-dissolving bacteria and silicate obacteria.The changes of nutrient elements in high-temperature aerobic composting process were studied by rape straw and chicken manure as the main raw material in this test.The results showed that the pH value was increased at first period and decreased latter period.The NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N and total N decreased at first period,and increased at latter period. Available P increased at first period and decreased at latter period,while total K increased continously. The total content of the humic acid decreased with prolongation of fermentation time. It is about 30d for appropriate composting time when composting with chicken manure and rape straw.The quantities of inoculating microbes during high-temperature aerobic composting process using plate counting to the different part of bacteria,actinomyces,mold,saccharomycetes, the cellulose decomposition bacterium and nitrogen-fixing bacteria was analysed.The results showed that the number of bacteria,saccharomycetes and cellulose decomposition bacterium had high-low-high changes in the composting of upper and middle and its count had reached 4.1×10⁹ and 2.1×10⁹、9.1×10⁷ and 6.8×10⁷、7.4×10⁷ and 4.6×10⁷ cfu per one gram dry compost in 40 days.The number of actinomyces,mold and nitrogen-fixing bacteria was obviously decreased at the mesophilic stage and thermophilic stage,and increased at temperature decreasing stage,but it were 36.4% and 39.34%、48.1% and 49.41%、13.75% and 35.46% lower than that of the beganing of the composting.The number of each kind of microorganisms had descreased and increased changes in the composting of bottom.Compared with chemical fertilizer, the field application results showed that the yield of the peppers, beans, cucumbers, watermelon, Hsia white, tobacco, amaranth can be improved under application of organic compost and bio-organic and inorganic fertilizer among increasing range of 2.49%-59.1%, stem height and stem circle of tobacco increased 7.7cm and 0.7cm respectively, the middle and upper smoke production increased 29.02%. The number of soil bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria increased 7.14%,6.83%,14.29% and 7.5% respectively.更多还原