【作者】 董静；

【导师】 王丽娜；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 音乐学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 歌唱是人声用音乐来表现语言,传递情感的一门艺术。歌唱中的歌词使音乐的内涵通俗易懂,比乐器更易理解,而且富有感染力。少年儿童生性活泼天生喜欢歌唱,因此歌唱教学易于在少年儿童中普及和发展。少年儿童的歌唱在音色上明亮悦耳,像泉水般透明,像银铃般清脆,在音质上自然流畅,充满稚气,充满童真,充满朝气,……充满一切应该属于孩子的美好。歌唱教学是音乐教育和素质教育的重要组成部分。少年儿童掌握科学的发声方法是教学目的,开启他们音乐天资和培养他们的艺术修养是我们的任务,让孩子们的身心健康成长,塑造培养他们的自信心和美好的心灵是我们工作的重点,更为重要的是培养孩子们在音乐以及其它各方面的能力,提升音乐教育在素质教育中的能量作用,因此少年儿童的歌唱教学内容不但包括音乐能力,还要涵盖音乐文化和社会能力。伴随中国声乐的发展和社会的进步,少年儿童歌唱教学经过一个漫长而曲折的历史过程,从被传统的、固有的教育模式和观念禁锢,再到对西方文化的过分崇尚和热衷,她不断地积极探索,建构在中国戏曲和民间音乐的基础之上,借鉴西方美声唱法和教学方法的科学性,形成了具有中国本土特色的教学模式。在很长一段时期歌唱教学没有年龄差异,少儿和成年人的教学方法和教学模式相同。但是少年儿童的发声器官与成人有较大的差异,它们是完全不同的范畴。因此,照搬成人歌唱发音的概念方法去训练指导少年儿童,显然是不正确和不科学的。少年儿童应该有适合他们的歌唱训练方法。大家普遍认为“教会孩子们歌唱的技艺,提高孩子的艺术修养”是歌唱教学的目的。但是究竟通过什么样的教学方式来真正提高孩子们的艺术修养和提高孩子们的素质?目前提倡的快乐教学,不是仅仅在课堂上做几个游戏,老师说快乐,孩子们就快乐了,要让孩子们真正在快乐中学习到真知识、真能力。社会对所需人才的标准一再提高和转变,由过去注重理论,转变为侧重综合能力。针对当前歌唱教学中存在的学生积极性差,能力培养不全面的问题,依据国家颁布的《全国学校艺术教育总体规划》等相关政策,以及少年儿童自身特点,笔者在少年儿童歌唱教学的实践上做了一些有益的探索。在教学内容设计中增加对学生音乐修养和乐感的培养,让孩子们接受音乐的熏陶,提升对音乐的理解;在歌唱技能发声训练内容中以合唱的形式增加音乐素养和听力的训练,使学生在学习歌唱的同时学习基础的音乐能力,学生不用再去选择单纯的音乐素养和听力训练课,节省精力和财力,也使歌唱教学的音乐能力更全面;增加音乐文化知识和综合能力的内容,使歌唱教学的内容更丰富;以真实实践和模拟实践来锻炼学生的实践能力,积累实践经验。以七个部分的教学内容为载体设计出八个教学环节,以感知音乐——理论学习——发声训练——音乐素质——音乐文化或能力拓展或保健知识——实践环节为路线,动静结合,灵活变换、自由组合。在教学方法设计中以学生为主体,用启发、讨论、设疑的方法,让学生不是只听老师讲,而是自己动起来,变被动为主动;用角色法使孩子们身临其境地去感受音乐的情感,更好地体会音乐真谛;用合唱法可以锻炼孩子们合作沟通的社会能力,控制音量保护声带,感受合唱的魅力;游戏、故事、情景法,使学生动起来,充分调动学习的积极性;尽可能多地创造实践机会,让学生在实践中提高和掌握知识。在教学要求和教学条件上,充分利用现代化的教学手段,进一步调动学生的积极性,管理系统化、规范化,遵循思想性、艺术性、科学性,形象性、直观性,系统性、连贯性等教学原则,使少年儿童歌唱教学真正地适合孩子们,适应社会的需求。更多还原

【Abstract】 Singing is an art of displaying language with vocal music and transmitting emotion. The lyrics of Singing cause the connotation of music to be easy to understand, compared to musical instruments, and they have rich contagious. Children are naturally lively and like singing by nature, so singing teaching is easy to popularize and develop in children. Children’s singing is bright and pleasant in tones, looks like transparent of the spring, like a silver bell to be crisp, the sound quality is natural and smooth, full of naiveté, innocence ,vitality…full of all beauty belonging to the children.Singing teaching is an important component of the music education and all-around development education. the educative purpose is to have Children master the scientific method, open their musical talent and nurture their artistic accomplishments is our task, to let children’s physical and mental integrity grow, to shape and foster their self-confidence and good mind is the focus of our work, the most important thing is to train children’s ability in music and other aspects, to enhance the energy effect of music education in quality education, so children singing teaching contents not only include musical ability, but also cover music culture and social capabilities.With the development of Chinese Vocal music and progress of society, children’s singing teaching pass through a long and winding historical process, from being confined by the traditional, inherent educational models and concepts to the over-enthusiastic and advocate to Western culture, she was always active in exploration, construction in the Chinese opera and folk music foundation, learning from Western operatic style, and teaching methods, forming teaching model with Chinese native characteristic. For a long period, singing teaching is no age differences, children and adults’teaching methods are the same pattern. But the vocal organs of children have a greater difference with adults, they are completely different areas. Thus, copying the adult’s singing concept approach to coach young children is obviously incorrect and unscientific. Children should have appropriate training methods to their singing. Everybody thought generally "to teach children’s singing skills, improve their self-cultivation in art" is the objective of teaching singing. But how to truly improve the children’s artistic accomplishments and ability? Teaching in joy, which is promoted currently, not just do a few games in the classroom, the teacher say happy the kids happy, and let the kids are really happy to learn true knowledge and true ability.The human resources standards are improved and changed by society again and again, from focus on theory previous into comprehensive ability nowadays. There being students poor positive and incomprehensive capacity-building problem in the current teaching, according to the state promulgated the "National School Arts Education Master Plan" and other related policies, as well as the children of its own characteristics, the author do some useful exploration in children’s teaching practice.To increase the students a sense of musical accomplishment and joy cultivation in the teaching content design, to let children influence by music to enhance the understanding of music; in singing skills voice training content use choral form to increase literacy and hearing training, students learn basic musical abilities while learn to sing, students don’t have to choose a simple musical literacy and hearing training courses, saving energy and money, but also make singing teaching become more comprehensive; increasing musical and cultural knowledge and overall ability the content, so that the content of teaching singing becomes rich; based on real practice, simulated practice to accumulate students’practical experience. With seven parts of the teaching content for the carrier to design eight teaching links in order to perceive the sounds - Theoretical Study - Voice Training - Music quality - music, culture or ability to expand or health care knowledge - practical aspects of line, dynamic and static combination of a flexible transformation, free combination.In the design of teaching methods, we regard students as center, with inspiration, discussion, doubt-based approach to enable students to not just listen to the teacher, but move themselves, change from passive to active; with the role method, children can feel the music emotions by themselves, and better understand the true meaning of music; choral singing can be tempered with the co-operation between the children’s social competence, control volume and protection vocal ,feel the charm of chorus; games, stories, scenario method, which enables students to move up and learn to fully mobilize enthusiasm; as much as possible to create practical opportunities for students to improve their knowledge in practice and access.On requirements in teaching and teaching conditions, we’d better make the best use of modern teaching methods, to further mobilize the enthusiasm of the students, management systematic, standardized, and follow the ideological, artistic, scientific, image, visualization, systematic, consistent, etc. principle so that the singing teaching for the kids is suitable for them and meet the needs of society.更多还原