【作者】 颜琳；

【导师】 朱陆民； 李开盛；

【作者基本信息】 湘潭大学 ， 国际关系， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 全球气候变化对人类影响深远,日益引起国际社会与各国政府的重视,而国际气候变化谈判在近年来更是成为国际政治议程的重要议题。国际气候变化谈判可以分为两个阶段:第一阶段自《联合国气候变框架公约》的签署到《京都议定书》的生效;第二阶段是就2012年后国际社会关于温室气体减排等问题的安排。在参与国际气候变化谈判中,国家利益与国际责任是决定中国谈判立场的两个重要变量:中国对国家利益与国际责任的认识是自变量,中国的谈判立场是因变量。但是,单一的国家利益论或国际责任论都不能很好地解释中国的谈判立场及其变化。纯粹追求国家利益而忽视国际责任将致使中国承受巨大的国际减排压力,国家形象受损,最终也无法真正地争取和维护本国利益;过分强调国际责任而看轻国家利益将不利于中国经济发展、人民生活水平的提高,最终导致发展权益得不到维护,更不能真正地落实承诺。自京都谈判到至今仍在进行的后京都谈判,作为谈判的参与者、推动者,中国的谈判立场受制于对国家利益与国际责任的认识,而后两者的轻重权衡将决定中国的谈判立场和政策行为。一方面,中国强调维护本国生存与发展的核心权益:追求经济发展,改善本国人民生活质量,要求发达国家进行适当的资金和技术援助,争夺国际话语权,维护国际形象;另一方面,中国也注重承担相应的国际责任:积极协调发展中国家的分歧与矛盾,参与科学评估报告的撰写,推进气候谈判进程,帮助发展中国家加强应对气候变化能力的建设。在取得以上成绩时,中国对国家利益与国际责任的把握也存在一些问题。在气候谈判进程中,中国大都以国家利益至上,兼顾国际责任与全人类利益;国家利益优先于国际责任,损害了国际责任的主体性和独立性。国家利益与国际责任的失衡决定了中国谈判立场的延续性大于变化性,招致了国际社会批评中国为自私的逐利者、不负责的国家,最终影响国家利益的实现与维护。随着对国家利益认识的深化以及国际责任意识的提高,中国的谈判立场和行为稳中有变,不变的是中国坚持不承担量化减排温室气体的义务,变化的是比过去更灵活、更合作的态度参与国际气候变化谈判。总的来说,中国立场的“变”与“不变”是对国家利益与国际责任综合考虑的结果。以追求正当的国家利益、承担相应的国际责任为标准,中国应在追求国家利益的同时也注重承担相应的国际责任,这既解释了中国谈判立场的延续与变化,也是中国合理的战略选择。更多还原

【Abstract】 Global climate change haves far-reaching effects on human beings, to which the international community and the governments pay more and more attentions, while in recent years the international climate change negotiations become an important subject of international political agenda. International climate change negotiations could be divided into two phases: the first phase is since signing of "the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" to the entring into forc of "Kyoto Protocol"; the second phase is the international community how to arrange issues such as greenhouse gas emission reduction after the post-2012 year. Participating in international climate change negotiations, national interests and international obligations are the two important variables to determine the negotiation positions of China. However, singal national interests or international obligations could not explain the negotiation positions of China and hers changes. Simply pursuiting national interests while ignoring the international obligations of a result, China will be under enormous pressures from the international on emission reduction, damaging national image, and ultimately could not really fight for and preserve her national interests; too much emphasising on international obligations and ignoring or underestimating the importance of national interests will not in favor of China’s economic development and people’s living standards, after all, right to development could not be eventually maintened, and promises could not be truly fulfill. Since Kyoto negotiations to the post-Kyoto negotiations still conducted in, as the participant and facilitator in the negotiatons, China’s negotiation positions are subject to national interests and international obligations, two of which determine China’s negotiation positions and political behaviors. On the one hand, China emphasizes on safeguarding her core interests on the survival and development: pursuiting economic development, improving the living standards of her people, requiring developed countries to carry out appropriate financial and technical assistances, fighting for the right of international speakings, and maintening international image; on the other hand, China has also focused on bearing international obligations: Actively coordinating the differences and conflicts in developing countries, participating in writting of scientific assessment report, promoting the process of climate negotiations, and helping developing countries to strengthen capacity-building to cope with climate change. Obtaining such achivements above, there are imbalant grasp between China’s national interests and international obligations. In the process of climate negotiations, the Chinese national interests are paramount, taking into account international obligations and the interests of all mankinds; national interests take precedence over the international obligations, which damages the independence and subjectivity ofinternational obligations. The imbalance of between national interests and international obligations determinds the continuity over the changes of China’s negotiation positions, which incurs criticitions by the international community, such as selfish gainer, irresponsible countries, and ultimately affect the realization and maintenance of national interests.With the deeply understanding of national interests and international obligations, China’s negotiation positions and behaviors are changing in stability. China insists that the same are not undertaking to quantified greenhouse gas emission reduction obligations, changes are more flexible than in the past, more cooperative attitude in international negotiations on climate change. Sum to all, the same and changes of china’s positions are the results of comprehensively considering national interest and international obligations. With the standands of pursuiting the right national interests and taking in correspondingly international obligations, China should pursuit for national interests, and also pay attentions to undertake corresponding international obligations, which not only explains the continuaty and changes of China’s negotiation positions, but also a reasonable strategic choice to China.更多还原