【作者】 罗奥；

【导师】 张玉先；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江八一农垦大学 ， 作物栽培与耕作学， 2009， 硕士

【摘要】 试验于2007～2008年在黑龙江西部干旱地区(黑龙江八一农垦大学林甸县大豆试验田)进行。研究了秋旋、深松、春旋和原垄卡四种耕作措施以及中耕对土壤理化性质和对大豆生长发育的影响,得出如下结论:原垄卡和深松耕作措施能有效的保持土壤水分,提高水分渗透率,在各生育时期土壤水分显著高于秋旋,深层土壤保墒效果更佳。春旋措施更易散失土壤水分,不利于该地区农业生产。中耕措施显著降低了四种耕作措施的土壤水分,且影响到收获后。保墒效果最好的处理为深松免中耕和原垄卡免中耕的组合,水分散失最严重的则为春旋起垄且中耕的耕作措施。原垄卡和深松能有效的调节土壤温度,在早上8:00温度较低的时候,提高地温0.5℃～1℃,在温度较高的下午14:00,能减缓土壤温度升高过快。中耕在高温时能极显著提高地温1℃～2℃,但温度下降也很快,对调节土壤温度没有积极作用。土壤容重原垄卡最高,其次为深松处理,两者显著甚至极显著的高于传统耕作的秋旋。春旋与秋旋的土壤容重相差不大。中耕降低了土壤容重,对表层土壤的影响大于对深层土壤的影响。耕作措施对土壤孔隙的影响与对土壤容重的影响相反,秋旋中耕处理毛管孔隙最为丰富,原垄卡不中耕毛管孔隙最低。原垄卡收获后比播种前全氮含量高,土壤碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和有机质都以原垄卡高于其他耕作措施,其次为秋旋处理,春旋处理最低。中耕处理都不同程度提高除全氮以外的土壤养分含量。原垄卡措施和深松能明显提高土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,二者土壤细菌和土壤放线菌数量较秋旋丰富,而春旋耕的土壤酶活性最低,但土壤真菌数量高于其他耕作。中耕措施提高了各处理细菌的数量和脲酶的活性,提高了原垄卡和深松放线菌数量。但降低了过氧化氢酶活性,秋旋和春旋的土壤放线菌数量。秋旋在整个生育时期保持了株高优势,但大豆叶干重、根干重、柄干重、干物质积累和叶面积指数都以原垄卡处理为最高,且保持合理的根冠比和干物质分配指数。中耕措施对以上指标都表现为前期促进后期抑制的规律。原垄卡和深松能有效的提高大豆初花期光合速率和水分利用效率,前期增加叶绿素含量和后期延缓大豆叶片叶绿素的降解。中耕后各处理光合速率降低0.8～1.28μmol·m-2·s-1不等,水分效率最高降低12%,不利于作物抗旱。两年产量数据显示原垄卡和深松耕且不中耕能极显著提高该地区大豆产量,两年最大增幅达18.3%和32.2%,对大豆品质上也有一定的改善。在节约耕作成本的同时,较高的产量因而获得更好的经济效益。在干旱年份,传统旋耕特别是春旋和中耕措施不同幅度上降低了大豆产量,不适宜该地区农业耕作。综合来看,在黑龙江西部干旱地区,采用原垄卡和深松且不中耕的耕作措施可使土壤理化环境保持在一个相对稳定的状态下,创造良好的农田小气候,有利于作物的生长;而旋耕措施不适宜该地区农业耕作。更多还原

【Abstract】 These works had researched the soil physical chemistry and biology character &yield in dry areas of west Heilongjiang field(Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University Soybean Base which lies in Lin Dian County) under four cultivation treatments and inter-tillage. The results show that:The contents of soil water were improved under no tillage and loosening method comparing with rotary tillage in different growth stages, and it’s effective in depth. Spring rotary tillage isn’t suit for farm because of soil moisture evaporation easily. Inter tillage reduced the content of soil water under four cultivation treatments.No tillage & on inter tillage is the best in holding water, spring rotary tillage & inter tillage is the poorest.No tillage and loosening method cultivation increase soil temperature 0.5℃～1℃in the morning when air temperature was low, but reduced t he rate of temperature increment in the afternoon, when temperature was higher. Inter- tillage increase soil temperature 1℃～2℃when high temperature, but increase the rate of temperature decrement.The soil density was shown as that No tillage is highest and then looseing method, both of them significantly higher than than conservation tillage.There are no difference between fall rotary tillage andFor the content of total N, its higher test in harvest than in sowing under No tillage.The result also showe that the content of available P, alkali-hydrolysable Nand organic matter under No tillage were higher than conservation tillage.The second is fall rotary tillage, spring rotary tillage is lowest. Excepcet for total N, inter tillage enhance the content of soil nutrient from different degree.No tillage and loosening method cultivation increase soil enzyme activities of urease and catalase, both of them have more soil bacteria and soil actinomyces than conservation tillage.The soil Fungi is highest and soil enzyme activities is lowest under spring rotary tillage.Inter tillage increse soil enzyme activities of urease and content of soil bacteria, but decerse nzyme activities of catalase and content of soil actinomyces under fall rotary tillage and spring rotary tillage.All of growth stage, fall rotary tillage has an advantage in. the stem height of soybean. The dry matter weight of root, stem, leaf, petiole and LAI were higher than conservation tillage under No tillage, and keep stable root-shoot ratio and index of dry matter the distribution. Inter tillage increase at the first and then decersed.The net photosynthetic rates and water use efficiency of soybean with No tillage and loosening method were significantly higher than conservation tillage, the degradation of chlorophyll pigment can be restrain effectively. Therefore,the dry matter partitioning in soybean will be promoted. Inter-tillage reduced the photosynthetic rates 0.8～1.28μmol·m-2·s-1 and reduced water use efficiency12%.Compared with conventional tillage, the grain yields with no tillage and loosening method were increased by 18.3%and 32.2% in two years, enhance soybean quanlity as well. At the same time, save cost of tillage and get more economic benefit because of higher yield. As decrese yield in different degree in dry years, rotary tillage and inter- tillage unsuitable for farming.All in all, Thereby no tillage and loosening method but didn’t inter-tillage could keep the stability of soil temperature, and is beneficial for the crop growth in dry areas of west Heilongjiang. Rotary tillage and inter- tillage unsuitable for farming.更多还原