【作者】 都凤仁；

【导师】 操基玉；

【作者基本信息】 安徽医科大学 ， 公共卫生与预防医学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 目的了解太和县肖口镇距再生铅生产基地较近的大王庄、小尹庄、葛王庄和邓庄四个行政村不同环境介质大气、地下水、地表水、土壤、粮食中铅污染水平和动态标化趋势,以及儿童体内铅含量,并探讨儿童体内铅吸收与环境铅可能的来源。方法根据调查目的和预调查实地查看,在再生铅生产基地较近的大王庄、小尹庄、葛王庄和邓庄四个行政村设置采样点,采集大气、地下水、地表水、土壤、粮食中的铅。在葛王庄村口,抽取儿童16名,采集儿童静脉血。采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定环境中铅和儿童血铅,并采用加权法对环境铅污染进行环境质量现状评价。查阅相关文献和资料,采用回顾性环境质量评价方法,比较太和县肖口镇与界首市田营镇环境铅污染状况,以及太和县肖口镇环境铅污染的动态变化。根据儿童体内血铅含量,结合其生活环境中不同环境介质铅含量,分析其体内铅负荷可能的来源。结果该地区大气铅、地表水铅、土壤铅和小麦中铅含量均有超标,其中葛王庄和小尹庄空气铅超标率均为25%,最高超标倍数达3.83倍,葛王庄地表水中铅含量超过标准1.8倍,葛王庄、小尹庄和大王庄土壤中铅超标率均为25%,儿童葛志强家小麦铅含量为2.7mg/kg,超标13.5倍,大王庄2个采样点小麦中铅超标倍数分别达到42.5和11.5倍,地下水中铅均未超标。儿童血铅浓度范围为98.3—44μg/L,除1例正常外,其他均超标,其中4名儿童为高铅血症(血铅水平100—199μg/L),5名儿童轻度铅中毒(血铅水平200—249μg/L),6名中度铅中毒(血铅水平为250-449μg/L);从葛友敏家(儿童葛志强血铅水平367μg/L,小麦铅含量为2.7mg/kg)环境铅污染状况分析,该儿童体内铅可能与进食含铅较高的食物,或/和家庭环境中铅污染水平较高有关。给予不同环境介质不同的权重系数后,采用环境质量现状评价方法,大王庄总体环境铅污染水平高于其他村庄,其次是葛王庄和小尹庄,影响大王庄综合评价指数偏高的主要原因是小麦中铅含量较高。回顾性环境质量评价发现太和县肖口镇空气、小麦和土壤中铅水平明显低于1998年田营镇加工密集区和加工零散区的铅水平,尤其是空气和土壤中铅水平显著性的降低。对肖口镇两次不同监测时间(2005年6月和2006年11月)空气铅监测结果比较发现,除小尹庄陈庙小学空气铅水平明显高于2005年监测的数据以外,其他各监测点空气铅水平均低于2005年的监测结果。结论1现况调查发现太和县肖口镇距再生铅生产基地较近的大王庄、小尹庄、葛王庄和邓庄四个行政村大气、地表水、土壤、小麦中铅含量均有超标,地下水未见超标。2采集儿童静脉血样16份,血铅浓度范围为98.3—44μg/L。儿童体内铅负荷升高的原因,可能与小麦、以及其他生活环境介质中铅含量高有关。3环境质量现状评价方法,大王庄总体环境铅污染水平高于其他村庄,其次是葛王庄和小尹庄,影响大王庄综合评价指数偏高的主要原因是小麦中铅含量较高。4回顾性环境质量评价发现太和县肖口镇空气、小麦和土壤中铅含量明显低于1998年和2005年环境铅水平。提示这可能与当地政府实施禁止个人拆卸废旧蓄电池,关闭一些排污严重的作坊式小再生铅冶炼厂等一系列防治铅污染的措施有关。更多还原

【Abstract】 Lead enters into the human body mainly through the respiratory tract and alimentary tract in the form of dust and smoke, and produces significant toxicounty to the nervous system. Particularly the lead produces significant toxicounty to the central nervous system, and causes the contact persons to learning deficiencies. Children are susceptive to the lead pollution, which has serious toxicounty to the development of children’s intelligence and behavior. Thus, the lead poisoning of children has attracted more and more attention of people and governments of the nation. In the United States and other developed countries, lead poisoning has been seen as an important children environmental health problem. The nation not only invests a lot of money to research, but also ensures the implementation of appropriate preventive measures in the form of the law every year. The history of lead smelting and ceramics are about 200 years in Xiaokou town, Taihe County, where many villagers have mastered the technology of lead smelting. In the mid-80, local labors went out to buy a large number of used batteries, demolition by manual, send the lead plate gate into the grid plate pot (furnace), sale after the burning of lead ingots cast, and gradually form industry. With the development of economy, the secondary lead smelting industry is constantly developed, and now it is gradually formed the network of raw materials, production, sales and it is become one of the major the secondary lead production bases in China.ObjectiveTo learn about the level of lead pollution and the dynamic standardized trend in different environmental media such as atmosphere, underground water, surface water, soil, food in Dawang village, Xiaoyin village, Deng village, Gewang village which are close to the secondary lead production base in Xiaokou town Taihe county, and the lead level in children’s body, and to explore the recourse of the absorption of lead in children and the environment lead.MethodsAccording to the investigation objective and the advance investigation, we setted up four sampling points in Dawang village, Xiaoyin village, Deng village, Gewang village which are close to the secondary lead production base, to collect the lead from different environmental media such as atmosphere, underground water, surface water, soil, food. We chose 16 children form the Gewang village and collected their venous blood. Environmental lead and children’s blood lead were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometers. We adopt the weighted method to evaluate the current situation of environmental lead. Consulting relevant documents and information, we use recalling environmental quality evaluation method to compare the environment lead pollution between Xiaoku Town of Taihe County and Tianying town of Jieshou city and to study the dynamic state change of environment lead pollution in Xiaoku Town of Taihe County. According to children’s blood lead level and the living environment lead in different environmental media, we analyzed the possible source of their body lead burden.ResultsThe lead level in the atmosphere, surface water , soil and wheat was excessive the standard level, the rate was 25 %, the highest level was 3.83 times higher than the lead standard level, the underground water lead level was 1.8 times higher than the underground water lead standard level in Gewang village, the rate of soil lead exceeding lead standard level was 25% in Gewang village, Xiaoyin village, and Dawang village, the wheat lead concentration was 2.7mg/kg which was 13.5 times higher than the lead standard level in Zhiqiang Ge’s family, the wheat lead level were 42.5 and 11.5 times higher than the lead standard level from the two sampling points in Dawang village, the underground water lead level was normal. The concentration range of the children’s blood lead was 98.3-441μg/L, with 15 children’s blood lead level was higher than the standard level, for 4 children were diagnose to be high lead emia (Blood lead level was 100-199μg/L) , 5 children were diagnose to be mild lead poisoning (Blood lead level was200-249μg/L) , 6 were diagnose to be moderate lead poisoning(Blood lead level was为250-449μg/L), the lead in children’ body was from the food of high lead concentration and/or the lead pollution of family environment by analysis of lead pollution of family environment in Youmin Ge’s family(Zhiqiang Ge blood lead level was 367μg/L, wheat lead concentration was 2.7mg/kg).After giving different environment media and different weight factors , the overall level of environmental lead pollution in Dawang village was higher than other village, the next are Gewang village and Xiaoyin village, the main reason of impacting evaluation index on the high side in Dawang village was lead of a high level of the wheat. The retrospective evaluation of the quality of the environment found that wheat, soil and air lead level in Xiaokou town of Taihe city was significantly lower than the level of lead intensive processing zones and processing zones in Tianying town in 1998, particularly in the air and soil lead level. Analyzing the two air lead monitoring results in June 2005 and November 2006 in Xiaokou town found that all the air lead level in 2006 was lower than 2005 except for the air level of Chenmiao Primary School in Xiaoyin village.Conclusions1 Current situation survey found that the lead content exceeded the standard in different environmental media such as atmosphere, surface water, soil, wheat in the Dawang village, Xiaoyin village, Deng village, Gewang village next to the secondary lead production base in Xiaokou town of Taihe city except for the ground water.2 We extracted 16 children, the concentration range of lead was 98.3-441μg /L. The main reason of the high level of lead in children’s bodies was the high level of lead of wheat and the living environment media.3 According to the current situation evaluation of environment quality, the overall level of environmental lead pollution in Dawang village was higher than other villages, the next were Gewang village and Xiaoyin village, and the main reason of impacting evaluation index on the high side in Dawang village was a high level of the wheat lead.4 The retrospective evaluation of the quality of the environment found that the lead concentration of atmosphere, soil, wheat in Xiaokou town of Taihe city was lower than the concentration in 1998 and 2005.It may be related to a series of lead pollution prevention and control measures that the government to practice of the ban on personal demolition of used batteries and closed a number of serious sewage regenerated lead smelter in small workshops by the local government.更多还原