【作者】 任丽娟；

【导师】 陈莎； 刘尊文；

【作者基本信息】 北京工业大学 ， 环境科学与工程， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 生命周期评价（LCA）作为一种有效的环境管理工具,是实现人类社会可持续发展的重要手段,受到了广泛的关注和研究。本论文针对LCA在我国应用过程中所遇到的具体问题,进行了生命周期评价方法和数据调研的研究,同时按照Ⅲ型环境标志认证的技术要求及ISO14040的技术框架,对我国造纸行业中的复印纸和新闻纸两类纸产品进行了生命周期评价分析。电力行业是国民经济的基础产业,贯穿于各个行业、产品的生命周期过程。电力生命周期清单数据在其他行业、产品的生命周期评价过程中不可或缺。本论文开展了我国火力发电生命周期清单编制与分析。以我国2007年能源统计数据、电力生产数据为基础,选择1kWh为功能单位,利用IPCC方法以及相关污染物排放模型,得到了包括化石燃料的消耗、气态污染物、液态污染物及固体废弃物的主要环境排放清单。同时根据我国华北、华东、华中、东北、西北、南方、海南七大电网火力发电情况、燃料消耗比例、燃料成分、生产技术水平的不同,建立了我国七大电网火力发电生命周期清单。交通运输过程中产生的环境影响在各个行业、产品LCA分析中不可忽视。本论文以公路货物运输为研究对象,选择载重1吨行驶1km为功能单位,采用我国交通运输的基础数据,参考国内外研究成果,通过每公里的燃油消耗因子、污染物排放因子的计算,得到了各种车型基于功能单位的能源消耗和环境排放量,建立了我国机动车公路货运行驶阶段的生命周期清单,其中包括了微型、轻型、中型、重型4类车型的燃油消耗和CO₂、CO等9种气体污染物的排放,为我国产品、行业生命周期评价应用研究提供了基础数据支持。最后,根据ISO14040的技术框架,采用KCL-ECO评价软件,对我国复印纸与新闻纸两类纸产品进行了生命周期评价分析。复印纸评价边界范围从纸浆生产到复印纸产品运送至一级经销商;新闻纸评价范围从制浆原料废纸的运输到新闻纸产品运送到用户;在大量调研工作的基础上,以吨纸为功能单位,分别建立了两类纸产品的生命周期清单,同时选择全球变暖、酸化、富营养化、光化学烟雾4类环境影响评价类型进行了两类纸产品的生命周期影响评价。结果表明,复印纸的环境影响潜势分别为全球变暖1767.45kg CO₂-eq,酸化5.71kg SO2-eq,富营养化5.49kg NO₃--eq,光化学烟雾0.37kg C₂H₄-eq;新闻纸的环境影响潜势分别为全球变暖1679.94kg CO₂-eq,酸化12.33kg SO2-eq,富营养化13.30kg NO₃--eq,光化学烟雾0.59kg C₂H₄-eq。更多还原

【Abstract】 Life Cycle Assessment （LCA）,as an effective environmental management tool, is becoming more and more important in order to achieve the sustainable development of the human society and has being aroused wide interests in the world. In view of the problem of LCA application in China, this paper carried out the research on the methodology and local inventory of LCA. Based on the research, The cases study of copy paper and newsprint were accomplished according to the requirement of the TypeⅢEnvironmental Declaration （typeⅢED） and technology framework of ISO 14040.Electricity is a main consideration in almost all of the life cycle of the industry and product. The life cycle inventory of the thermal power in China in 2007 was studied and established in this paper. According to the statistic data of energy and power production of 2007 in China, with 1kWh being selected as function unit and the method of IPCC and the emission modes of relative pollutants being applied, the fuel consumption and the environmental emissions of the thermal power were obtained. In addition, the data were collected regarding of the thermal power production, the amount and proportion of fuel and technical parameters of the power plants. Then, the life cycle inventory of the seven grids in China was also obtained. Transportation also plays an important role in the various economic activities.The Environmental loads of transportation can not be neglected in product life cycle assessment. In this study,the road freight was chosen as the object of study, load 1 ton running 1 km was taken as the function unit, and the fundamental data of transportation in China were collected. Based on these data, the fossil fuel consumption and the air emission for function unit was calculated with the selected methods related to the oil consumption factor for 1 km and the emission factor of pollutants. Then, the life cycle inventory of the road freight of China was established, which included the oil consumption and the emission of CO₂, CO, NOx, HC, PM, NMVOC, CH4, SO2, N2O of four different types of truck.Finally, following the technology framework of ISO14040, this paper carried out the LCA analysis of the copy paper and newsprint using the software of KCL-ECO. The boundary of the copy paper study was from pulp production to primary franchiser and the boundary of newsprint study was from wastepaper transportation to newspaper bureau. Based on the investigation and survey, the inventories of the copy paper and newsprint were established, respectively. Related to 1000kg paper products, the environmental impacts of copy paper and newsprint were GWP 1767.45 kg CO₂-eq, AP 5.71 kg SO2-eq,NP 5.49 kg NO₃--eq,POPC 0.37 kg C₂H₄-eq for copy paper and GWP 1679.94 kg CO₂-eq, AP 12.33 kg SO2-eq, NP 13.30 kg NO₃--eq, POPC 0.59 kg C₂H₄-eq for newsprint respectively.更多还原