【作者】 王恒；

【导师】 赵兰坡；

【作者基本信息】 吉林农业大学 ， 植物营养学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 作为世界玉米三大带之一的吉林玉米带,玉米的播种面积大约保持在280万公顷,达到全国玉米播种面积12%以上,占吉林省各种粮食作物在的播种面积的62%-66%,使得吉林省农民的主要经济收入之一是玉米种植带来的收益。玉米生长发育的必需营养元素中氮素尤为重要,氮肥是玉米氮素的主要来源。本研究针对吉林玉米带黑土区氮肥施用效果和存在的问题,采用了室内试验和田间试验相结合的技术路线,研究了控释尿素室内水溶率、不同施氮处理下吉林玉米带黑土区土壤无机氮含量变化、对玉米株高、干物质积累的影响、氮素利用率分析及对玉米经济效益的影响,探索吉林玉米带黑土区控释尿素的施用效应,综合分析控释肥料和普通化肥施用的生产效益,经济效益,探索适宜的施用方法,取得以下主要结果和进展：1.本试验所采用的控释尿素在水中的释放速率随时间增长累积释放率都是呈现出对数曲线趋势递增,符合对数方程。并且,控释尿素养分累积释放率与温度成正相关,与25℃时相比在40℃水培条件下其养分释放速度明显加快。2.玉米生育前期,各处理玉米株高差异不明显,拔节期以后,玉米株高呈现出施用氮肥的各个处理株高要优于对照处理。且在同等施氮量的情况下,控释尿素各处理玉米株高要高于普通尿素。到了玉米生长中后期,普通尿素的各处理株高比控释尿素各处理株高高。在玉米整个生育期内均大体表现出控释尿素处理和基施和追施相结合的处理,干物质积累量高于普通尿素处理。3.在公主岭陶家屯和德惠兴隆店镇两地试验区,田间试验结果表明,控释尿素在玉米生育期中能缓慢释放氮素养分,满足玉米不同生长发育时期对氮素的吸收利用,并且有效减少氮素向下淋洗、挥发相对较少的可能。4.控释尿素比普通尿素能更好地协调玉米产量构成各因素之间的互相关系,使玉米穗粒数和粒重得到提升。普通尿素基施与追施相结合、普通尿素与控释尿素混合施用比普通尿素一次性基施的产量构成性状良好。5.控释尿素的施用可以有效提高吉林玉米带黑土区的春玉米产量,增产1642kg/hm2～6300kg/hm2,增产幅度为15.73%～117.60%。且控释尿素在同等施氮水平下,对吉林玉米带黑土春玉米产量增加量大于普通尿素。6.等氮量情况下,控释尿素各处理的氮素表观利用率高于普通尿素,且在能满足作物营养需要的情况下,减量施肥可以提高肥料的表观利用率。而控释尿素与普通尿素混施效果比普通尿素单施效果好。控释尿素处理CRU75%B偏生产力在公主岭陶家屯和德惠兴隆店镇分别为74%和76.7%,应该为各处理间氮素管理较好的。7.在供试验的两块吉林玉米带黑土区,施用氮肥可以给玉米种植带来明显经济效益。在公主岭陶家屯同等施氮量情况下,施氮肥所带来的经济效益高于德惠兴隆店。而且在两地试验区,控释尿素较普通尿素同等施氮量条件下,带来的玉米经济效益更大。且控释尿素减量施氮处理带来的经济效益最高。因此,控释尿素在吉林玉米带黑土上的应用前景广阔。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one of the three corn belts in the world, Jilin corn belt corn remains at about 2800 thousand hectares which has reach 12% of corn cultivation area over the country and it is 62%-66% of various food crops cultivation area in Jilin province. Corn is one of the benefits of making the main economic income of farmers in Jilin province. Nitrogen to be particularly important of variety nutrients for maize growth, nitrogenous fertilizer is the main source of corn nitrogen.In this study, with nitrogen fertilizer effects and problems with black soil in Jilin corn belt,using laboratory and field trials testing the combination of controlled release urea compared the thinking of the indoor water release rate test,different nitrogen treatments in black soil areas of Jilin Corn Belt Soil inorganic nitrogen content of corn plant height,dry matter accumulation, N utilization analysis and economic impact of corn,corn with black areas to explore Jilin controlled release urea fertilizer effect, made the following main results and progress:1.Controlled release urea used in this experiment, the water release rate of it in the growth of the cumulative release rate with time is the number of curves showing trends of increasing, in line with logarithmic equation. Moreover, the cumulative release rate of nutrient release of controlled release urea was positively correlated with temperature, compared with 25℃,40℃water cultures in nutrient release under the conditions of significantly faster.2.At early growth stage of corn, no significant difference between the treatments at plant height, but after the jointing stage,plant height showed the various nitrogen fertilizers processing plant height to be better than the control treatment. And in the case of the same amount of nitrogen, controlled release urea processing plant height than the common urea. In the latter part of maize growth, the treatment of common urea plant height higher than the height of each treatment with controlled release urea. Throughout the growth period of maize were generally show urea topdressing treatment and the combination of the base facilities and the handling of dry matter accumulation than common urea.3.In two experimental zones:Dehui Xinglong and Gong Zhuling Tao Jiatun,controlled release urea for black soil region in Jilin corn belt in the corn growth period can be slowly released nitrogen for the corn growth and reduce nitrogen absorption and utilization down leaching, volatilization may be small possible relatively.4. Compare with common urea,controlled release urea the average maize yield components to better coordinate the relationship between the various factors that corn grain number and grain weight may be raised. Topdressing urea-based giving and the combination of controlled release urea and urea mixed than one-time application of urea-based facilities the average yield component traits well.5. Controlled release urea fertilizer can improve corn yield the black soil area of Jilin Corn Belt was spring increase yield 1642kg/hm2-6300kg/hm2, increase range was 15.73%～117.60%. And at the same nitrogen level, to black soil in Jilin Corn Belt controlled release increased maize production by greater than common urea.6. Under the same nitrogen application, the controlled release urea than the urea treatment and can meet the crop nutrient needs in the case of reduction of fertilizer can increase the apparent efficiency of fertilizer. The controlled release urea and urea mixed fertilizer than single common application of urea effect. Controlled release urea CRU75% B partial productivity in Dehui Xinglong and Gong Zhuling Tao Jiatun was 74% and 76.7%, it was better managed among difference N treatments.7. For trial in the Jilin Corn Belt two black soil areas, corn nitrogen fertilizer can bring significant economic benefits. Under the same nitrogen application, Gong Zhuling Tao Jiatun nitrogen treatments bring more the economic benefits than Dehui Xinglong. And in two pilot areas, controlled release urea than common urea under the same nitrogen application, to bring greater economic benefits of corn. And controlled release urea reduction treatment brings the highest economic benefits among the difference N treatment. Therefore, the controlled release urea on the black soil in Jilin Corn Belt has bright application future.更多还原