【作者】 王岩；

【导师】 孙慧珍；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 生态学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究以黑龙江省汤旺河林业局1988年和2008年两期林相图、地形图和经理调查数据为基础资料,利用地理信息系统软件的空间分析功能,结合自然概况及经营历史,系统研究该林业局森林资源的空间变化情况和具体转移去向,并对汤旺河林业局的景观组成、结构和分布格局等进行了动态分析。主要结论如下：(1)建立了汤旺河林业局1988年和2008年两期森林资源空间数据库,运用叠加分析方法得出该林业局20年间有林地净增16485.46hm2,增长率为9.38%。疏林地、沼泽地、湖泊、择伐地和其他地类的面积减少,采伐迹地和火烧迹地濒临消失,荒山荒地和放牧地则已完全消失。(2)与1988年相比,2008年汤旺河林业局红松林大幅缩减,面积减少了19076.48hm2。红松林和落叶松林面积分别减少了86.71%和33.10%。白桦林、阔叶混交林和针阔混交林面积大幅提高,分别增长了82.78%、39.51%和42.31%。其他主要林分的面积也发生了不同程度的动态转移。(3)汤旺河林业局天然林和人工林面积分别增长了9270hm2和728.66hm2。1988年和2008年幼龄林、中近熟林、成过熟林面积比分别为1：5.8：1.5和1：2.6：0.1。(4)20年来汤旺河林业局景观斑块数量增加了2793块,增长率为29.40%；斑块平均面积变小,降幅为22.75%；景观斑块密度由0.0424上升至0.0548；最大斑块指数增加了23.5%；边缘密度由8.7657m/hm2增加为14.881m/hm2；景观蔓延度由79.87降为73.29。香农多样性指数由0.6168增加到0.8343,香农均匀度指数由0.2679增加到0.3357,增幅均超过20%。森林景观斑块逐渐被边界分割,景观异质性和多样性增加,破碎化程度持续加深。(5)在汤旺河林业局12项一类景观要素(地类)中,有林地两期斑块总面积、斑块面积比、边缘密度最大。有林地两期斑块面积分别为175702.79 hm2和192188.25hm2,斑块面积比分别为78.35%和85.73%,边缘密度分别为7.537 hm2和12.56 hm2。湖泊的平均斑块面积最大,分别为427.42 hm2和275.66 hm2。沼泽的最大斑块指数最大,分别为0.352%和0.507%。(6)在汤旺河林业局12项二类景观要素(树种)中,阔叶混交林、针叶混交林、和针阔混交林始终占有优势地位,且优势不断增加。多数针叶树种的面积减少,红松面积减少幅度最大,减幅为86.71%。针阔混交林、针叶混交林、白桦、杨树、云冷杉等的景观碎化程度有所提高,椴树、柞树、樟子松、落叶松等的景观碎化程度有所降低。更多还原

【Abstract】 By means of spatial analysis function of geographic information system software, spatio-temporal dynamics of forest resources and landscape pattern in Tangwanghe Forestry Bureaus of Heilongjiang Province was studied based on the forest type map, topography and survey data of the Bureaus in 1988 and 2008. The main conclusions were as follows:(1) The database of forest resources of Tangwanghe forestry bureaus in 1988 and 2008 has been established, and showed that forestland increased by 16485.46hm2 with increasing rate of 9.38% during twenty years. The area of open forestland, marsh, lake, selection cutting land and other class reduced. Clear-cutting land and burned area was on the verge of disappearance. Wilderness and grazing land had vanished completely.(2) Korean pine forest of Tangwanghe forestry bureaus substantially reduced in 2008 compared to 1988, and the area decreased by 19076.48hm2. The area of Korean pine forest and Larix gmelinii forest reduced 86.71% and 33.10%, respectively. While the area of Betula platyphylla forest, broadleaved forest and conifer-broadleaved forest increased by 82.78%, 39.51% and 42.31% respectively. The other main species transformed in various degrees.(3) The natural forest increased by 9270hm2 and plantation forest increased by 728.66hm2 in Tangwanghe forestry bureaus from 1988 to 2008. The area ratio of younger forest, middle age, and matured forest of Tangwanghe forest was 1:5.8:1.5 and 1:2.6:0.1 in 1988 and 2008.(4) The number of landscape patches in Tangwanghe forestry bureaus increased by 2793 in the past twenty years, and the incresing rate was 29.40%. Mean patch size reduced 22.75%. Landscape patch density increased from 0.0424 to 0.0548. Largest patch index increased from 0.4% to 0.5%. Edge density increased from 8.7657m/hm2 to 14.881m/hm2. Contagion Index decreased from 79.87 to 73.29. Shannon diversity index increased from 0.6168 to 0.8343. Shannon evenness index increased from 0.2679 to 0.3357. The amplifications all exceeded 20%. The forest landscape patches were gradually divided by boundary. Heterogeneity and diversities of landscape increased. The forest landscape tended to fragment gradually.(5) The total area, the size ratio and the edge density of forestland patches in these two stages were the largest of the twelve landscape factors of the first category (class) in Tangwanghe Forestry Bureaus. The area of forestland patches in these two stages was 175702.79 hm2 and 192188.25hm2 respectively. The ratio of patch size was 78.352% and 85.732% respectively. Edge density was 7.537 hm2 and 12.56 hm2 respectively. The mean patch size of lake was the largest, with 427.42 hm2 and 275.66 hm2 respectively. The largest patch index of marsh was the largest, with 0.352% and 0.507% respectively.(6) Broadleaved forest, coniferous forest and conifer-broadleaved forest possessed the dominant position throughout of the twelve landscape factors of the second category (species) in Tangwanghe forestry bureaus. Moreover, the superiority increased constantly. The area of most coniferous forest reduced. The area of Korean pine reduced with the greatest amplitude of 86.71%. The degree of landscape fragmentation of conifer-broadleaved forest, coniferous forest, Betula platyphylla forest, Poplar forest and spruce-fir forest increased while those of Tilia amurensis forest, Quercus mongolica forest, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest and Larix gmelinii forest decreased.更多还原