论密尔对功利主义伦理思想的修正

【作者】 张晓敏；

【导师】 赵卫国；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 外国哲学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 约翰·斯图亚特·密尔(1806—1873)是19世纪英国著名的哲学家,经济学家和政治家。在早年接受逻辑训练的基础上,他继承了边沁的功利主义思想。经历了一次精神危机后,密尔的思想发生了转折。这种转折一方面来自对自身受教育的反省,认为教育是一种被动的接受；另一方面又从马蒙泰尔的回忆录中受到启示。密尔深刻认识到边沁理论缺乏对人内心情感的关怀。针对理论存在的缺陷,他开始致力于对功利主义的修正,以适应社会发展的新需要,恢复功利主义的地位。本文的主旨就是围绕密尔的伦理思想展开。边沁继承伊壁鸠鲁的快乐理论,将快乐作为生活的目标。反对者讥笑其为“一种仅仅配得上猪的学问”。密尔对快乐进行了质的补充,表明快乐不仅有量的差别,还有质的区分,进而丰富了快乐的内涵。同时,它对可能存在的反对意见予以有力的回击,弥补了快乐理论的缺陷。同边沁一样,密尔在快乐理论的基础上直接引出最大幸福原则,并明确了功利原则的利他主义性质。如何将幸福作为唯一的道德标准,是一个亟待解决的问题。密尔在对直觉主义,先验论作了一定的分析后,得出前者未能给出明确的道德原理,后者的普遍原则又包含在功利主义的原理内涵中,只有功利主义原理有待证明。密尔从经验的角度出发,对幸福是唯一欲求的展开证明。本着最大幸福原则的功利主义,如何判定人们行为是道德的?密尔在坚持效果论的基础上提出了新的认识。本文试图对效果论的道德评价作出建设性分析。作为一种道德标准,对行为作出道德评价后,更重要的在于如何促使人们更好地付诸实践。这就涉及到道德制裁的问题。密尔对边沁的外部制裁进行审视,认为这种约束手段虽然具有一定的制裁力量,但只是一种外在的强制执行的手段。长远来看,社会公共幸福不仅需要靠外力来维护,更重要的还在于人们有种发自内心的力量,主动去追求。良心起了关键性作用。良心就是一种与同胞和谐一致的社会情感。人们在关乎个人利益的同时,自觉地关心他人利益,乃至整个社会的共同利益。密尔通过良心的作用,试图将个人幸福与社会公共幸福统一起来。但是,事实上,关于二者的关系问题是历史发展的产物,任何企图用思辨的方式,或道德说教的方法来抹杀个人利益和社会利益之间界限的做法都是不实际的。较之边沁思想,密尔在承认利己主义的基础上,将利他主义列入关切的范围,努力调和个人与他人之间的利益冲突。但受阶级局限的影响,他的理论未能进行彻底,社会利益冲突的最终根源在于不合理的经济制度,仅凭政治,法律的改良手段显然于事无补。关于密尔的研究仍然纷争不断,本文通过对《密尔自传》、《功利主义》的文本研读,以求比较客观地对其伦理思想有进一步认识。更多还原

【Abstract】 John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) is a famous philosopher, economist and politician of England in the 19th century. Based on accepting the training of the logic in early days, he inherited Bentham’s utilitarianism thought. Experienced a spiritual crisis, Mill thoughts produced a turn. The turning point in one hand came from the education of itself, asserting that education is a kind of passive receptive; On the other hand from MaMeng tal memoir by revelation. Mill realized profoundly that Bentham theory was lack of people’s internal emotion. According to theoretical defects, he began to dedicated to correction of utilitarianism, adapting the new needs of social development, and restoring the status of utilitarianism again.This essay is mainly on Mill’s ethics thought. Bentham inherited Epicurus’theory, that seems happiness as the life goals. Opponents ridiculed it a "only deserve pig knowledge". Mill compled the quality of happiness that have not only the difference of the quantity, but also have distinction of quality; so it enrich the connotation of happiness. Meanwhile, he reponded with the possible objections vigorously and made up for the defects of happy theory. As with Bentham, Mill directly lead greatest happiness principles based on happy theory and clear altruism properties of utilitarian principle. How to make happiness as the only standard of morality, is a problem to be solved. After analyzing the intuitionist and transcendentalist, Mill concluded that the former failed to give clear moral principle, and the latter’s general principle was included in utilitarianism. Only the principle of utilitarianism remains to be proven. Mill proofed that happiness is only the desired spread from experience Angle.In line with the principle of greatest happiness, how to judge people’s behavior is moral? Mill put forward the new understanding on the basis of insisting effect theory. This paper tries to give effect to the moral evaluation of constructive analysis. As a kind of moral standards of behavior, moral evaluation, more important is how to prompt people better into practice. This is involved moral sanctions. Mill surveyed that Bentham’s theory of external sanctions has certain constraints, but only as a means of external enforcement. In the long run, social public happiness not only need to rely on outside force to maintain, the more important still depend on people having seed heartfelt strength, actively pursuing. Conscience played a key role. It is a kind of social harmony with their emotions. People between personal interests, but consciously care about other people’s interests, and the common interests of the whole society. Mill try to make personal happiness and social public happiness together through the role of conscience. But, actually, about the relationship between the two problem is a product of historical development;Any practice to erase the barriers between personal benefits and social benefits is not practical,such as attempting to use speculative way, or the moralizing methods. On the basis of admitting egoism,Mill listed altruism to the scope of concern,and did his best to mediate the conflicts of interests between individuals and others.But as for the influence on class limitations, his theory fails to thoroughly; social conflicts of interest lies in the final of the unreasonable economic system.Mere political, legal improved means apparently won’t help matters.About mill research is still battled, based on the autobiography of the mill, the text of utilitarianism, in order to objectively study on its ethical thoughts have further understanding.更多还原