【作者】 王玮；

【导师】 杨广学；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 特殊教育学， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 提高家长的心理健康水平,有助于提高自闭谱系障碍儿童的干预效果。家长需要与已获得的社会支持现状的了解可以帮助制定符合需要的社会支持体系。自闭谱系障碍儿童家长的心路历程与心理健康状况的研究较多,本研究关注家长心理健康受生理因素、心理因素及社会因素的影响程度如何。研究自闭谱系障碍儿童家长的需要与已获得的社会支持之间的差别,可以为完善自闭谱系障碍儿童的社会支持体系提供思路。本研究以自闭谱系障碍儿童家长为研究对象,在上海、北京、山东、湖北的特殊学校及幼儿园随机抽样共189位被试,通过问卷调查的研究方法,探讨自闭谱系障碍儿童家长心理健康的影响因素,研究家长需要及其已获得的社会支持之间的关系。研究结果发现：一、自闭谱系障碍儿童家长的心理健康受生理因素、心理因素和社会因素三个方面的影响,其中心理因素的影响最大,社会因素的影响最小。生理因素中产生影响最大的是照料儿童而产生的时间压力,影响最小的是因儿童自伤和伤人行为而受到的身体上的伤害；心理因素中影响最大的是家长对于儿童未来以及养老安置问题的担心,影响最小的是因他人不理解产生的孤独感；社会因素中影响最大的是因照顾儿童影响朋友交往造成的社交圈缩小,影响最小的是夫妻关系发生的变化。文化程度越高,生理因素对自闭谱系障碍儿童父母的心理健康影响越大；上海、北京、湖北、山东四地的自闭谱系障碍儿童家长的心理健康受心理因素的影响程度依次增加；自闭谱系障碍儿童障碍程度越严重,家庭经济收入越少,父母文化程度越低,心理因素对自闭谱系障碍儿童父母的心理健康影响越大；家庭经济收入越少,社会因素对自闭谱系障碍儿童父母的心理健康影响越大。二、自闭谱系障碍儿童的家长需要分为为心理与情绪的需要、教育干预的需要、社会资源与服务的需要,其中家长需求强度最高的是社会资源与服务的需要,需求强度最低的是心理与情绪的需要。心理与情绪的需要中,需要程度最高的是如何接纳自闭症儿童得分最高,需求程度最低的是如何培养良好的亲子关系；教育干预的需要中,需要程度最高的是如何处理孩子未来老年的问题,需求程度最低的是如何管理时间的技巧；社会资源与服务的需要中,需要程度最高的是知道如何申请应享的权利得分最高,需要程度最低的是如何与专业人员沟通合作的技巧得分最低。湖北、北京、山东、上海的四地的自闭谱系障碍儿童家长教育干预的需要程度依次降低；中度自闭症比重度自闭症、轻度自闭症儿童家长的教育干预需要程度要高；高收入家庭比低收入家庭、中等收入家庭中自闭谱系障碍儿童家长的社会资源与服务方面的需要程度要高。三、自闭谱系障碍儿童家长的社会支持分为信息性支持、情绪性支持和工具性支持三个维度,其中家长得到的最多的是情绪性支持,得到最少的是工具性支持。自闭谱系障碍儿童家长获得的信息性支持中最多的是从教师、专家处获得自闭症的相关知识和信息,最少的是从朋友处获得自闭症的相关知识和信息；自闭谱系障碍儿童家长获得的情绪性支持中最多的来源于预后良好的自闭症儿童的案例,最少的支持为社会大众的理解；自闭谱系障碍儿童家长获得的工具性支持中最多是家人和朋友提供的照料支持,最少的是言语治疗师、物理治疗师等相关专业人员提供的专业服务。最后,本研究在自闭谱系障碍儿童家长心理健康、需要与社会支持的基础上对自闭谱系障碍儿童家长心理健康服务提出相关建议,为提高其心理健康水平和生活质量提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Raise the level of mental health of parents could improve the effect of intervention for children with autism. Understand needs of parents and available social supports could bring the social support system to completion.Many studies are involved with mental health and mental process of parents of children with ASD. This study investigates physiological factors, psychological factors and social factors produced an effect on mental health. Understand the gap between parents’needs and available social supports could bring the social support system to completion.This study investigates influence factors of mental health and explores relationship between needs of parents and available social supports of parents of children with ASD. Analysis relies on questionnaires to 189 parents whose children are autism in special education schools or kindergartens in Shanghai, Beijing, Shandong, and Hubei. The results are in the following:1. The mental health of parents of children with ASD is influenced by physiological factors, psychological factors and social factors; the maximal influence is psychological factors, the minimal influence is social factors. On the physiological factors, the maximal influence is the time stress of taking care children; the minimal influence is hurt to body health caused by the self mutilation and wounding of ASD children. On the psychological factors, the maximal influence is to worry about the future and aftercare of senility of children with ASD; the minimal influence is the aloneness that others can not understand them. On the social factors, the maximal influence is the narrow range of social communication; the minimal influence is the change of conjugal relationship. With the growing of education level, the influence of parents of children with ASD shows a trend of increasing in the physiological factors; the influence of parents of children with ASD in Shanghai, Beijing, Hubei and Shandong shows a trend of increasing in the psychological factors. With the growing of severe of disability the influence of parents of children with ASD shows a trend of increasing in the psychological factors; with the descending of the financial reward level and education of parents level, the influence of parents of children with ASD shows a trend of increasing in the psychological factors; with the descending of the financial reward level, the influence of parents of children with ASD shows a trend of increasing in the social factors.2. The needs of parents of children with ASD are included in mental and emotion needs, education and intervention needs, and social resources and service needs; The most needed is social resources and service needs, the least needed is mental and emotion needs. The most needed of the mental and emotion needs is how to adapt the children with ASD; the least needed is the formation of parent-child relationship. The most needed of the education and intervention needs is the aftercare of senility of children with ASD; the least needed is how to administrative time. The most needed of social resources and service needs is how to apply for the available rights; the least needed is how to communicate with professional. The education and intervention needs of parents of children with ASD in Shanghai, Shandong, Beijing and Hubei shows a trend of increasing; The education and intervention needs of parents of children with middle-grade ASD is more than low-grade ASD and high-grade ASD. The social resources and service needs of high-income parents of children with ASD is more than low-income and middle—income.3. The social supports for parents of children with ASD are included in information supports, emotion supports and instrument supports; the most social support is emotion supports, the least social support is instrument supports. The information supports for parents of children with ASD are the most, the one form teacher and expert than friends are the least; the emotion supports for parents of children with ASD form the case of preferred development are the most, the one from understand of mass social; the instrument supports for parents of children with ASD form family and friends are the most, and the one from professional as speech therapist and physical therapist.Finally, on the basis of analysis and discussion of mental health, needs and social supports of parents of children with ASD, several recommendations on mental health and level of life are given.更多还原