【作者】 李元；

【导师】 严强；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 行政管理， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 1978年以来,私营经济获得了巨大的发展,作为私营经济人格化的代表和快速崛起的阶层,私营企业主阶层的政治参与备受关注。2001年江泽民的“七一讲话”和2002年的中共十六大之后,私营企业主的政治参与表现得更为积极踊跃。2003年1月,重庆力帆实业集团董事长尹明善和浙江传化集团董事长徐冠巨分别当选为重庆市政协副主席和浙江省政协副主席,这在私营企业主中产生了不小的影响。但同时,私营企业主的政治参与也涌现出不少问题,比如由于参与机制的不健全和参与渠道的狭窄,造成了当前非正式政治参与的大量存在,进而滋生了政治上的腐败。一些地方的官商勾结严重侵犯了当地公民和弱势群体的利益。一些人士对私营企业主亦官亦商的现象很是担忧。因此,在这样一个背景下,通过文献分析法、历史分析法等研究方法研究私营企业主的政治参与是很有价值的。私营企业主的产生和来源分为两个阶段。一个阶段是改革开放的初期,社会有机体自身孕育出的私营企业主,主要来自于农村和城市的一些个体户。另一个阶段是在市场经济的发展过程中,所催生出的私营企业主阶层,主要包括“下海”的国有企事业的员工和干部、政府官员、知识分子、专业技术人员和国有、集体企业改制所产生的人员。私营经济的发展是私营企业主政治参与的经济基础。私营企业主政治参与基础的变迁即指私营经济政策的变迁。通过文献分析和历史分析的方法,发现了执政党私营经济政策的制定是通过一种渐进决策的方式,政府对私营企业主政治参与的态度经历了从不支持参与到推动参与的变化,私营企业主自身的参与态度经历了从政治冷漠到积极参政的变化。私营企业主政治参与的动机分为三大类：推动社会发展型、维护阶层利益型、获取政治资源型。在这些参与动机下,演绎了私营企业主的政治参与行为。当代私营企业主政治参与方式可以从不同的角度分为不同的类别,即被动性参与和自主性参与的方式、直接参与和间接参与的方式、正式参与和非正式参与的方式、个体参与和组织参与的方式。这些参与行为必定会给政治社会生活带来一些影响,正面的效应有：经济精英的参与,推动了民主政治的发展；企业主政治参与的扩大,促进了民间社会的成长。负面的效应有：政治参与中资本与权力的合谋造成了公共利益的损害；一些非正式政治参与的行为,助长了本来就已存在的庇护主义。私营企业主政治参与中存在着三个困境——制度困境、主体困境、文化困境,制度困境突出的表现是参与制度的不完善和参与机会的不均衡。主体困境突出的表现是私营企业主参政素质不高,企业主自治组织缺乏独立性的问题。文化困境突出的表现是参政文化的缺失；人情社会中对关系网络的依赖；官本位思想的影响。针对这三个困境,最后提出了破解之道：参与制度的构建应在协商民主理论指导下进行；私营企业主自治组织的建设应定位于中间层政治；培养私营企业主的公共意识；建设参与型的政治文化,也即从制度层面、组织层面、个人层面、文化层面对私营企业主的参与困境进行破解。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the huge development of privately-owned economy since 1978, private entrepreneur have won great attention in political participation, as a representative of personification of this economy and a abrupt-rising class. After President Jiang Zemin made the "July 1 Speech" and the 16th Conference of China Communist Party took place in 2002, the political participation of private entrepreneur have been active. In January, 2003, Yin Mingshan, the chairman of the board in Lifan Group Chongqing, and Xu Guanju, the chairman of Transfar Group in Zhejiang were selected respectively as the vice president of the Political Consultative Conference of Chongqing and Zhejiang, which plays a great influence among the privately-owned entrepreneur. Meanwhile, the political participation of them brings many problems, for example, distemperedness of participation system and the narrowness of its means lead to the great existence of informal political forces, hence political corruption. Some collusion between officials and businessmen seriously violates the interests of the local citizens and the weak. People become worried about the mixed role of private entrepreneur. Therefore, under such circumstances, a study of the political participation of private entrepreneur by means of literature analysis and historical analysis is of great value.The origin of private entrepreneur and how it came into being are divided into two stages. The first one is the early stage of reform and opening-up, when the owner of private companies was born in the social organism, mainly in the form of self-employed laborers who come from villages and cities. The second stage is in process of development of market economy, when the class of private entrepreneur was born, including the members and cadres of state-owned enterprise, government officials, intellectuals, special technique man and people coming from the reform of collective enterprises. The growing of private economy acts as an economic base of their political participation.The change of foundation in their political participation is the change of policies in private economy. By means of literature and historic analysis, the thesis finds that the party in power formulates the policies of private economy step by step, the government undergoes a change of attitude from nonsupport to encouragement, and the owner of private companies experiences a change from political indifference to active participation. Their motives of participation consist of three kinds, promoting social development, maintaining its class interest, and seeking political protection. Their participation can be divided into various types from different angles, such as passive participation and self-determined one, direct and indirect participation, formal and informal participation, and individual and group participation. All of these must bring some influence on political and social life. The positive influences are advancement of democratic politics as a result of the joining of these economic elite and growth of folk forces because of the development of their joining. Their adverse effects will go as follows. Firstly the cahoots of capital and power in political participation damage the public interest. Secondly, some behaviors of informal political participation make the clientlism worse.There are three dilemmas of their political participation and they are system dilemma, participant dilemma and culture dilemma. The major display of participant dilemma is low quality of some private entrepreneurs and lack of independence in the self-rule of their organization. Culture dilemma is in the form of lack of culture in political participation, a reliance on social contact net in a society filled with favors, and influence of bureaucratism. The thesis put forward solutions to the three dilemma. Firstly, the system of participation should be constructed under the guidance of the theory of deliberative democracy. Secondly, the building of self-rule organization of private entrepreneur ought to locate the middle-layer politics. Thirdly, the public awareness of private entrepreneur should be cultivated. Finally, participant political culture should be built, which is a solution to their participant dilemmas from the perspective of system, organization, individual and culture.更多还原