【作者】 陈凯；

【导师】 张永涛；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 水土保持与荒漠化防治， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 本文通过对肥城市潮泉镇苹果园进行小气候、苹果树蒸腾、土壤蒸发、苹果园水分盈亏、覆秸秆和不覆秸秆土壤水分动态变化的研究来解释低山丘陵区苹果树日蒸腾规律,不同天气条件下苹果树日蒸腾速率变化规律,不同天气条件下日蒸腾速率与太阳辐射强度、空气温度、空气象对湿度和风速的相关性分析,4-10月份各月苹果树日蒸腾量变化与太阳辐射强度、空气温度、空气象对湿度和风速的相关性,TDP茎流计法测得的4-10月份各月份苹果树蒸腾量规律,彭曼法、水量平衡法、TDP茎流计和土壤蒸发法结合降雨量得出的苹果园4月份-10月份水分盈亏,覆秸秆和不覆秸秆条件下苹果树土层深度0-20㎝、20-40㎝、40-60㎝、60-80㎝各土层土壤含水量动态变化分析,得出如下规律:1苹果树蒸腾规律1.1苹果树4-10月份每月日平均蒸腾速率:7月份最高为0.15㎜/h,4月份和10月份最低为0.04㎜/h。1.2苹果树的日蒸腾变化为单峰曲线,白天蒸腾速率由于气象因子影响差异较大,蒸腾速率一般为0.4㎜/h左右,瞬时最高蒸腾速率为0.6㎜/h。1.3苹果树在晴天、雨天、阴天三种气象条件下蒸腾速率的变化规律:晴天条件下苹果树蒸腾速率要远大于阴天和雨天条件,雨天时蒸腾速率最小。1.4晴天条件下苹果树蒸腾速率与太阳辐射强度、空气温度、空气象对湿度和风速呈显著相关,阴天时空气温度、空气象对湿度与蒸腾速率呈显著相关,雨天时空气温度、风速与蒸腾速率呈显著相关。1.5 4-10月份各月份日蒸腾量变化与各气象因子的相关性分析:4月份太阳辐射强度与日蒸腾量变化相关性显著;5月份空气温度和空气象对湿度与蒸腾速率相关性显著,太阳辐射强度在0.05水平下相关性显著;6月份空气温度与蒸腾速率相关性显著;7月份太阳辐射强度与日蒸腾量变化相关性显著;8月份太阳辐射强度、空气温度和空气象对湿度与日蒸腾量变化相关性显著;9月份太阳辐射强度、空气象对湿度与日蒸腾量变化相关性显著;10月份太阳辐射强度与日蒸腾量相关性显著。1.6基于TDP茎流计法测得的苹果树4-10月份月蒸腾量变化:7月份蒸腾量最高为101.75㎜,4月份蒸腾量最小为29.59㎜。2苹果园蒸散规律分析彭曼法、TDP茎流计法、水量平衡法得出的蒸散规律总体都呈现先增高后降低的趋势,彭曼法蒸散量最高月份为6月份,TDP茎流计法蒸散量、水量平衡法蒸散量最高月份为7月份。3苹果园水分盈亏分析4、5、6月份在三种蒸散测定方法下均呈现水分亏缺,基于水量平衡法测得的水分亏缺程度最为严重为145.40㎜;7月份均表现为水分盈余,基于彭曼法测得的水分盈余量多为115.36㎜;8-10月份水分盈亏状况呈现不同规律。4秸秆覆盖条件下土壤含水量变化秸秆覆盖对树盘土壤含水量的影响主要表现在少雨季节(4-5月)和土壤浅层(0-40㎝);在多雨期(6-10月)和土壤深层(40-80㎝)对含水量影响不显著。秸秆覆盖能有效提高树盘表层土壤的含水量,使土壤水分在各土壤层之间的分配比无秸秆覆盖更均匀。更多还原

【Abstract】 Through making experiment in apple orchard of ChaoQuan of FeiCheng on microclimate,soil evaporation,transpiration of apple tree, water profit and loss of apple orchards,affection to soil moisture redistribution of apple tree by planted hole under straw mulching research to explain:daily transpiration rate of apple tree in low mountains and hills , changes of daily transpiration rate of apple tree in different weather conditions,the correlation analysis of daily transpiration rate and the PAR, air temperature, air relative humidity,wind speed in different weather conditions,the correlation analysis of daily transpiration content and the PAR, air temperature, air relative humidity,wind speed during April to October, the rules of month transpiration content changing during April to October measured by TDP stem flow gauge;with PengMan method,water balance method, TDP stem flow gauge method and rainfall water profit and loss of apple orchard,soil dynamic changes of soil water content analysis under the condition of with straw mulching and no straw mulching during soil depth of 0㎝-20㎝, 20㎝-40㎝, 40㎝-60㎝, 60㎝-80㎝,we can get below rules:1 apple tree transpiration rule1.1 average daily transpiration rate of apple tree during April and October, July highest:0.15㎜/h, April and October minimum:0.04㎜/h.1.2 the curve of daily daily transpiration changes is single-peak,the difference of day transpiration changes is bigger for the affection of climatic factors,the general day transpiration rate is 0.4㎜/h, the highest day transpiration rate is 0.6㎜/h.1.3 the transpiration rate changes rule in sunny day, rainy day and cloudy day:in sunny the transpiration rate is much higher than the rate in cloudy day and rainy day conditions, the rate in rainy day is lowest.1.4 in sunny day the correlation of transpiration rate and the PAR, air temperature, air relative humidity and wind speed is significant,in cloudy day the correlation of transpiration rate and air temperature, air relative humidity is significant, in rainy day the correlation of transpiration rate and the air temperature, wind speed is significant.1.5 during April-October the correlation analysis of daily transpiration changes and each climate actor: the correlation of the PAR and daily transpiration changes is significant in April; the correlation of the air temperature,air relative humidity and daily transpiration changes is significant in May;the correlation of air temperature,air relative humidity and daily transpiration rate changes is significant in June; the correlation of the PAR and daily transpiration changes is significant in July; the correlation of the PAR,air temperature,air relative humidity and daily transpiration changes is significant in August; the correlation of the PAR,air relative humidity and daily transpiration changes is significant in September;the correlation of the PAR and daily transpiration changes is significant in October.1.6 based on the measurement of TDP stem flow gauge method the monthly transpiration content changes: the highest transpiration content is 101.75㎜ in June,the lowest is 29.59㎜ in April.2 the analysis of monthly evapotranspiration rule in apple orchardWith method of PengMan,water balance,TDP stem flow gauge the monthly evapotranspiration rule presents the trend of increased first then decreased.with method of PengMan the evapotranspiration in June is highest,with method of water balance,TDP stem flow gauge the evapotranspiration in July is highest.3 analysis of water profit and loss in apple orchardwith the method of PengMan,water balance,TDP stem flow gauge the water content presents loss during April,May,June,based on the water balance the water deficit is the highest for 145.40㎜; In July,the three methods present water profit,based on PengMan method the water profit is highest for 115.36㎜; during August-October water profit and loss presents different rules.4 soil moisture redistribution under straw mulchingthe effect that straw mulching made on soil moisture mainly performanced in dry season (approximately from April to May) and shallow soil ( 0-40 cm) while the effect was indistinctive in wet season (approximately from June to October) and deep soil ( 40-80 cm ). Straw mulching can improve surface soil water content effectively and made soil water distribution in different levels more uniform than that of no straw mulching.更多还原