【作者】 高峰；

【导师】 刘文涛；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 世界史， 2011， 硕士

【摘要】 内战以后的重建时期,在美国的历史上占有重要的地位。在重建期间,美国的社会发什么很多的变化。美国经济中显示了工业支配农业势力的时代特征,政治上联邦权力扩大,承担更多的社会管理职能。但是历史学界特别是美国的历史学界对于南方重建的这段历史一直存在着争议。本文以南方重建和后重建时期为历史背景,以黑人的教育实现为线索,从对黑人教育的慈善救助为视角,了解在南方重建这段历史。从美国社会各阶层和组织对黑人教育的态度,以及他们所采取的措施和其中的一些演变中来研究南方重建,寻求对南方重建及黑人解放事业的重新认识。第一章是研究综述,介绍了国内外对于美国内战和南方重建的研究。国内的早期研究主要集中于对内战和重建的历史定性上。此后学者们通过其他的视角进一步深入研究内战和南方重建的历史,而不仅仅局限于对这段历史的评价,侧重于对历史全貌的分析和研究,丰富对内战和南方重建的研究。国外学者对待内战和南方重建的评价也不断随着研究方法的变化而提出新的解释,研究逐步扩展到南方社会文化、宗教、族群等领域。第二章内战前的黑人教育状况。内战前慈善事业主要是以宗教的方式介入到黑人教育之中的,教会在其中起到巨大的作用。对待黑人的教育理念上各个教派又有着不同的解释。黑人还在种植园中获得教育。一方面是白人奴隶主为了自己的经济利益的需要而教育黑人,另一方面黑人族群内部也开展慈善自助教育,这种教育方式起到了凝聚黑人族群的作用,但同时这种封闭的教育方式也使得黑人族群逐步内趋而走向封闭,逐步形成了黑人对待教育实现和自我解放的两种方式的分歧。第三章和第四章是本文的主体部分。第三章主要考察南方重建中的各种社会力量在推动黑人教育中所做的努力和成效,其中各种社会力量主要采用慈善救助的形式来实现黑人教育。慈善组织是实现黑人教育重要力量,面对南方重建中复杂的南方社会,不管是建立公共教育体系的建立还是其他黑人院校的建立,黑人教育的实现都不是一帆风顺,面临着各种困难,但是黑人教育实现了内战后的第一次大发展,这一大发展与慈善组织的推动密不可分。第四章介绍后后重建时期,从“失败”的南方重建中看到黑人教育所取得成就,以及黑人教育发展模式中存在的问题。在黑人种族内部,黑人知识分子对黑人教育的模式又存有很大的分歧和争论,这一分歧争论与早期慈善基金会所推广的学校教育方式又有很大关系。正是这一争论不断促使着黑人寻求自我解放道路,黑人在不断斗争中丰富了美国民族精神的内涵。对黑人教育的慈善救助也不断推进美国慈善事业的现代化。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Period of reconstruction played an important role in the history of the United States. During the reconstruction, American’s society made many changes. At the field of economy, industry shows his dominant position compare with agriculture. At the field of the political, the expanding power of the federal, been taken more social responsibilities. But there has been a controversy about the Reconstruction among American scholars. This papers with the Reconstruction historical background, the Black’s education as a clue, This reconstruction of the South during the reconstruction and the historical background to black education to achieve as a clue, from the Philanthropy of the black’s education to understand this period of history, and the organization and the measures what they had been taken to the Black‘s education, it could help to study the evolution of southern reconstruction and the Black liberation .The first chapter is reviewed the research of the study for the American Civil War and the Reconstruction indomestic and abroad scholars .Early domestic studies focuses on the history of civil war and reconstruction qualitative. Since then, scholars through other angle of view in-depth study on the history of the civil war and reconstruction, it not limited to the evaluation of this history, by the wide historical picture to analysis and research this period of history, enrich the study of civil war and reconstruction. Foreign scholars changes the way of studying the civil war and reconstruction unceasingly, they put new explanation, research gradually expanding to southern social culture, religion, ethnicity and other fields.Chapter 2 The education condition before the civil war black。Charity mainly to intervene in the way of religious education among blacks before the Civil War, the church played a major role .with the different Philosophy of education in the treatment of blacks, all sects has their interpretations. Black also could access to education at plantation. On the one hand it is the needs of white slave owners for their own economic interests to educate the blacks, on the other hand it also carried out within the black community self-education, the education of charity self-help methods played a role in the black community agglomerate, but at the same time this method of education also makes black inner driving toward ethnic, and gradually formed a different way in black’s education and liberationChapters III and IV is the main part of this papers. Chapter 3 main investigation of various social forces in promoting black education efforts and achievements, in which various social forces mainly in the form of charitable assistance to achieve the black education. Charitable organizations is to achieve an important force in black education in the face of the complex reconstruction of the South Southern ,whether to establish public education system or the black colleges, blacks realizes it not easy, faced with various difficulties, but black education after the Civil War achieved the first major development, the charitable organizations to promote the development.The fourth chapter was about the period of after Reconstruction. Black education achievement was existing problem in the development mode. In the racial internal, black intelligentsia argue about education mode, this debate is relationship with charitable foundation education mode. The debate prompted the black seeking itself liberation road. During the constant of struggling, blacks enrich connotation of the American spirit. The charity Education for blacks is constantly advancing charity to modernization of philanthropy.更多还原