【作者】 苏琳；

【导师】 李增嘉；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 于2006年和2007年在田间条件下,以常规尿素为对照,研究了控释尿素施用方式和用量对玉米氮素利用、水分利用、产量和品质及经济效益的影响及其机理,为玉米高产优质高效栽培提供理论依据和技术借鉴。两年研究结果基本一致,主要研究结果如下：1不同处理对氮素利用的影响控释尿素侧施处理的玉米地上部吸氮量和氮肥农学利用率比常规尿素分次侧施、一次侧施分别平均高7.3%、15.5%和6.7%、26.9%。控释尿素株间施处理的玉米地上部吸氮量和氮肥农学利用率比常规尿素分次株间施、一次株间施分别平均高6.0%、8.4%和9.5%、11.3%。控释尿素底施处理的玉米地上部吸氮量和氮肥农学利用率比常规尿素底施分别平均高9.1%和14.1%,均达显著水平。施控释尿素,尤其是底施处理可显著提高玉米地上部吸氮量和氮肥农学利用率,降低硝态氮在土壤中的残留,缓解硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶,减少氮肥淋失。施氮方式、尿素类型和用量对土壤氨态氮和有效氮的影响较小。2不同处理对水分生产效率的影响相同施氮量下,包膜控释尿素处理的总水分利用效率显著高于普通尿素处理。控释尿素侧施处理的玉米总水分利用效率比常规尿素分次侧施、一次侧施分别平均高4.4%和8.7%,控释尿素株间施处理的玉米总水分利用效率比常规尿素分次株间施、一次株间施分别平均高7.3%和11.6%,控释尿素底施处理的玉米总水分利用效率比常规尿素底施平均高7.8%。施控释尿素,尤其是底施控释尿素处理的玉米总水分利用效率显著高于株间施和侧施。3不同处理对玉米光合特性的影响相同施氮量下,控释尿素处理的叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量显著高于普通尿素处理。侧施和株间施时,控释尿素处理的玉米叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量均显著高于常规尿素分次施、一次施。控释尿素底施处理的玉米叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量显著高于常规尿素底施。底施控释尿素处理的玉米叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量显著高于控释尿素侧施和株间施。相同施氮量下,控释尿素处理的SOD、POD和CAT活性显著高于普通尿素处理,而MDA含量低于普通尿素处理。侧施和株间施时,控释尿素处理的玉米穗位叶SOD、POD和CAT活性均显著高于常规尿素分次施、一次施。控释尿素底施处理的玉米穗位叶SOD、POD和CAT活性显著高于常规尿素底施。底施控释尿素处理的玉米穗位叶SOD、POD和CAT活性显著高于控释尿素侧施和株间施。可见,施控释尿素,尤其是底施能增强叶片的抗氧化能力,延长叶片的功能期,利于产量的提高。4不同处理对玉米籽粒产量的影响相同施氮量下,控释尿素处理的籽粒产量、穗粒数和千粒重显著高于普通尿素处理。侧施和株间施时,控释尿素处理的玉米籽粒产量、穗粒数和千粒重均显著高于常规尿素分次施、一次施。控释尿素底施处理的玉米籽粒产量、穗粒数和千粒重显著高于常规尿素底施。底施控释尿素处理的玉米籽粒产量、穗粒数和千粒重显著高于控释尿素侧施和株间施。施控释尿素,尤其是底施能显著提高玉米的籽粒产量。其原因是提高了叶片叶片NRase和活性氧清除酶活性,增加了可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量,降低了MDA的积累量,延缓叶片衰老和提高净光合速率,维持后期较高的灌浆速率,有利于高产。5不同处理对玉米籽粒营养品质的影响相同施氮量下,控释尿素处理的籽粒蛋白质含量和产量及粗脂肪含量显著高于普通尿素处理。侧施和株间施时,控释尿素处理的玉米籽粒蛋白质含量和产量及粗脂肪含量均显著高于常规尿素分次施、一次施。控释尿素底施处理的玉米籽粒蛋白质含量和产量及粗脂肪含量显著高于常规尿素底施。底施控释尿素处理的玉米籽粒蛋白质含量和产量及粗脂肪含量显著高于控释尿素株间施和侧施。对籽粒淀粉而言,相同施氮量下,控释尿素处理的籽粒淀粉含量显著高于普通尿素处理。同一类型肥料相比,施氮量由75 kgN/hm2增加至150 kgN/hm2时籽粒淀粉含量随施氮量的增加而增加；施氮量由150 kgN/hm2增加至225 kgN/hm2时籽粒淀粉含量随施氮量的增加而降低。侧施和株间施时,控释尿素处理的玉米籽粒淀粉含量均显著高于常规尿素分次施、一次施。控释尿素底施处理的玉米籽粒淀粉含量显著高于常规尿素底施。底施控释尿素处理的玉米籽粒淀粉含量显著高于控释尿素株间施和侧施。可见,施控释尿素,尤其是底施可显著提高玉米籽粒的蛋白质含量和产量、粗脂肪含量及淀粉含量。6最优氮肥运筹模式探讨两年试验结果表明,与常规尿素相比,施用控释尿素可显著提高产量、改善品质和增加收入。与控释尿素行间施和株间施相比,底施控释尿素更能提高肥水利用率和经济效益,是兼顾氮素利用、产量和品质的最佳控释尿素施用方式。更多还原

【Abstract】 In a randomized design, the effects of controlled release urea (CU) use methods, which were side dressing inter-row (R), side dressing inter-plant (P), and bottom dressing (B), and application rates on N utilization, water utilization, yield, quality and economic benifit of maize(Zea Mays L.) and its mechanism were investigated, with normal urea (NU) used as control, in 2006 and 2007. The results are useful to improve nitrogen and water use efficiency, and to get higher yield and quality for maize cultivation. The trends of two year were basically in agreement with each other. The results were as follows:1. Effects on N utilization of MaizeN uptake and agronomic efficiency (AE) of maize applied with CU-R and CU-P were both significantly higher than those applied with NU by one-time-application (NU-O) and split application (NU-S), and the soil N dependent rate (SNDR) was lower. And N uptake and AE of maize applied with CU-B were significantly higher than those applied with NU-B, the SNDR was lower. N uptake and AE of maize applied with CU-B were higher than those applied with CU-R and CU-P, the content of NO3--N was lower. Nitrogen use methods, nitrogen type and amount had little effects on content of NH4+-N and available nitrogen. Application of CU, especially bottom application, could increase N uptake and AE, and thereby reduce the content of NO3--N. 2. Effects on the WUE of MaizeAt the same nitrogen level, the water utilization efficiency (WUE) of maize applied with CU was significantly higher than that applied with NU. WUE of maize applied with CU-R and CU-P were both significantly higher than that applied with NU-0 and NU-S. And WUE of maize applied with CU-B was significantly higher than that applied with NU-B. WUE of maize applied with CU-B was higher than that applied with CU-R and CU-P. Results showed that application of CU, especially bottom application, could increase WUE of maize.3. Effects on Photosynthesis Characteristics of MaizeAt the same nitrogen level, the net photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content of maize applied with CU were significantly higher than those applied with NU. The net photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content of maize applied with CU-R and CU-P were both significantly higher than those applied with NU-0 and NU-S. The net photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content of maize applied with CU-B were significantly higher than those applied with NU-B. And the net photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content of maize applied with CU-B were higher than those applied with CU-R and CU-P.At the same nitrogen level, CU can increase the SOD, POD and CAT activity, thereby reduce MDA content. The SOD, POD and CAT activity of maize applied with CU-R and CU-P were both significantly higher than those applied with NU-0 and NU-S. The SOD, POD and CAT activity of maize applied with CU-B were significantly higher than those applied with NU-B. The SOD, POD and CAT activity of maize applied with CU-B were thigher than those applied with CU-R and CU-P.Results showed that application of CU, especially bottom application, could increase anti-oxidative capability and extend leaves function stage thus increased yield. 4. Effects on Yield of MaizeAt the same nitrogen level, the grain yield, grain number per spike and weight per 1000 kerners of maize applied with CU were significantly higher than those applied with NU. Compared to nitrogen use methods, the grain yield, grain number per spike and weight per 1000 kerners of maize applied with CU-R and CU-P were both significantly higher than those applied with NU-0 and NU-S. The grain yield, grain number per spike and weight per 1000 kerners of maize applied with CU-B were significantly higher than those applied with NU-B. The grain yield, grain number per spike and weight per 1000 kerners of maize applied with CU-B were higher than those applied with CU-R and CU-P.The results showed that, application of CU, especially bottom application, could significantly increase grain yield, grain number per spike and weight per 1000 kerners of maize.5. Effects on grain quality of maizeAt the same nitrogen level, the protein content, protein yield and crude fat content of maize applied with CU were significantly higher than those applied with NU. The protein content, protein yield and crude fat content of maize applied with CU-R and CU-P were both significantly higher than those applied with NU-0 and NU-S. The protein content, protein yield and crude fat content of maize applied with CU-B were significantly higher than those applied with NU-B. The protein content, protein yield and crude fat content of maize applied with CU-B were higher than those applied with CU-R and CU-P.The starch content of maize applied with CU was significantly higher than that applied with NU, at the same nitrogen level. With nitrogen rate increased from 75 kgN/ha to 150 kgN/ha, the starch content of maize grain was increased; but from 150 kgN/ha to 225 kgN/ha, the starch content of maize grain was reduced. The starch content of maize applied with CU-R and CU-P were both significantly higher than that applied with NU-0 and NU-S. The starch content of maize applied with CU-B was higher than that applied with NU-B. The starch content of maize applied with CU-B was higher than that applied with CU-R and CU-P.The results showed that, application with CU, especially bottom application, could significantly increase protein content, protein yield, crude fat and starch content of maize.6. Better nitrogen management mode for maizeTwo years results showed that, applied with CU could increase the yield, quality, and economic benefit, compared with NU. And compared with applied with CU by side dressing inter-row or inter-plant, the advantages of CU by bottom application were higher.更多还原