【作者】 杨勇；

【导师】 韩明玉；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 果树学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 拉枝因其能够降低树体顶端优势、调节平衡激素关系、促进果树成花、保证果园稳产,成为果树整形修剪中不可或缺的方法。目前拉枝方法在我国陕西、河南、山西一带富士苹果幼树整形和成龄树改造上已有应用,较为有效的解决了富士苹果成花难的问题。但是也造成了拉枝后,主枝基部枝条旺长和树体容易早衰的现象。本试验对富士、嘎啦二种苹果树枝条进行不同角度的拉枝处理,主要就以下三个方面进行研究:1、研究拉枝后苹果树生长期内,短枝顶芽、长枝腋芽、短枝叶片和长枝叶片内营养物质含量的变化。2、研究拉枝后短枝顶芽、长枝腋芽、短枝叶片和长枝叶片内源激素含量的变化及激素平衡的变化。3、量化拉枝对营养物质含量及内源激素平衡的影响,确定出既有利于花芽分化、保证果园稳产,又能保持树体旺盛生长的合理拉枝角度,明确拉枝处理在实际生产中的应用效果,为幼树整形和成龄树改型提供理论依据。主要试验结果如下:1、叶片和芽可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量随之增加,且呈显著差异;红富士叶片和芽氮含量随着拉枝角度的增大,逐渐降低;嘎啦叶片或芽其含氮量110°和90°比较接近,但都显著低于70°。嘎啦90°短枝顶芽C/N年平均值为10,富士110°短枝顶芽C/N平均值为9.81,根据C/N比学说,这说明较之富士,嘎啦在较小拉枝角度下就可达到较高的C/N,促进成花。而增大拉枝角度虽然有利于成花,但却容易造成主枝提前老化,不利于果园建设。2、ZR和ABA与拉枝角度呈正相关;GA和IAA与拉枝角度呈负相关。随着拉枝角度的增大,ABA/IAA、ABA/GA、ZR/IAA、ZR/GA四组数据都呈上升趋势,特别是在短枝顶芽内,比值明显上升。富士110°短枝顶芽ABA/IAA、ABA/GA、ZR/GA的平均值均小于嘎啦90°短枝顶芽,ZR/IAA较为接近,这表明较之富士,嘎啦在较小拉枝角度下,就可提高促花激素含量,降低抑花激素含量,达到有利于花芽分化激素平衡关系。综上所述,本试验得出结论,富士110°、嘎啦90°拉枝处理既有利于花芽分化,又不造成树体早衰,是生产上较为合理的拉枝角度。在管理水平不是很高的果园,过度强拉枝容易造成树体早衰,不利于果园长期发展。在较好的肥水条件下,配合合理的拉枝,是果园稳产的保证。更多还原

【Abstract】 Branch bending become the indispensable method in Fruit trees trimming,Because of it can reduce tree top advantage, adjust belancsd relations, promote into flowers. Currently, branch bending applies Fuji apple tree of prostagland and young plastic modification in China of shaanxi province, henan, shanxi areas, and it becomes an effective solution to the problem of the Fuji apple difficult to flowers. But it also caused main branch base of flourishing, and tree branches easy to premature after Branch Bending.The experiment used different angles traetments of branch bending for Fuji apple and ga la, mainly studied the following three aspects:1. Studied the nutrients content changes of the growth period of apple tree, short branch of terminal bud, long branches-axillary buds, Short branches leaves and long branches leaves after branch bending2. Studied the changes in the content of endogenous hormones and the balance of Hormone inshort branch of terminal bud, long branches-axillary buds, Short branches leaves and long branches leaves after Branch Bending3. Quantize the effects of branch bending to the nutrient content and the balance of endogenous hormones, to determine the reasonable perspective of branch bending for beneficial to flower bud differentiation, ensure the stable yield , and can keep vigorous growth of tree, clear the application effect in practical production, and provide theoretical basis for plastic of young trees and plastic of mature tree .Main results are as follows:1. Soluble sugar content and starch content of leaves and buds increased with the angle of branch bending increasing , And showed a significant differences, the angle of branch bending increasing Fuji leaves and nitrogen content of buds gradually reduced, the nitrogen 110°of Ga la in leaves and bud were close to the nitrogen 110°, but were less than 70°significantly. the average was 10 of the C/N in short branch of terminal bud of Ga la 90°. the average was 9.81 of the C/N in short branch of terminal bud of Fuji 110°, According to the theory of C/N theory, This shows that Ga la in smaller of angle of branch bending can achieve high C/N than Fuji, however, althrough increased the angle of branch bending beneficial to flower formation,But easy to cause the main branch aging in advance, and against orchard construction.2. The positive correlation between the angle of branch bending and ZR and ABA. significant negative correlation were observed between the angle of branch bending Ga and IAA, ABA/IAA, ABA/GA, ZR/IAA. ZR/GA showed an increasing tendency with the angle of branch bending increased, especially in the short branch of terminal bud, ratio rised obviously, the average of ABA/IAA, ABA/GA, ZR/GA in short branch of terminal bud of Fuji 110°less than Ga la 90°, and ZR/IAA is closed to Ga la 90°, This showed that compared to the Fuji, Ga la can improve promoting flowering hormone levels in smaller angle of branch bending, reduce inhibitory flowering hormone levels, reach beneficial to the Hormonebalance of bud differentiation.In sum, This test attempts to make a conclusion that the angle of branch bending of Fuji 110°and Ga la 90°were not only beneficial to bud differentiation but without causing premature senility, which is the reasonable perspective in production. the management level is not high in the orchard, Excessive branch bending easy to cause the tree premature senility, against the long-term development of the orchard, In good condition with water and fertilizer, there is a guarantee of stable yield in the orchard combined with reasonable branch bending.更多还原