【作者】 杨艳芬；

【导师】 王全九；

【作者基本信息】 西安理工大学 ， 农业水土工程， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 吐哈盆地地处极端干旱区,葡萄是其支撑产业。该地区土质特殊,为土石混合介质,同时,传统漫灌造成大量水资源浪费,开展节水灌溉势在必行。为探究碎石对入渗特性的影响并寻求适合吐哈盆地葡萄滴灌的灌水方案,本文在阅读大量国内外文献的基础上,结合国家科技支撑项目和新疆自治区重大专项,采用试验研究与理论分析相结合的方式对一维、.三维条件下土石混合介质水分运动特性和滴灌条件下葡萄生长发育特性进行了研究,得到如下结论：(1)碎石含量对土石混合介质一维水分入渗特性存在明显影响。土石混合介质的累积入渗量和湿润锋长度小于细土,随着碎石含量的增大,累积入渗量和湿润锋呈先减小后增加再减小的趋势,转折点因碎石粒径不同而不同。碎石粒径增大,土石混合介质的累积入渗量、湿润锋长度呈增加趋势。当碎石粒径为0.5-3cm和3-5cm时,分别用垂直一维代数模型和Green-Ampt公式推求土石混合介质饱和导水率较为精确。水平入渗法可以准确确定粒径0.5-1cm下0%、10%、20%、50%含石量以及1-5cm粒径下30%含石量土石混合介质的非饱和土壤水分扩散率,同时可以准确确定Brooks-Corey模型参数。(2)土石混合介质的积水半径、水平湿润距离、垂直湿润距离、水平交汇距离、垂直交汇距离均大于细土,且随着碎石含量的增加而增大。碎石含量越大,湿润体体积也越大,湿润体内相同位置的土壤含水量越小。(3)田间点源及其交汇入渗条件下,滴头流量越大,积水半径、水平湿润距离、湿润体形状系数和湿润体体积越大。随着水量的增大,最大水平湿润距离、点源湿润体体积和形状系数均呈增加趋势。滴头间距越大,出现交汇的时间越晚,水平交汇距离也越小,零通面上湿润体形状越小。(4)相对于地面沟灌,滴灌能够显著减少土面蒸发量和深层渗漏,这是滴灌的两个重要节水途径。滴灌高水处理下土壤水分分布、葡萄植株长势及产量均为最优,但从产量与耗水量的关系来看,高水处理的耗水量已经超过了最优点。经研究,吐哈盆地适宜的葡萄滴灌技术参数为：毛管布置方式为三管布置,滴头流量2.7L/h,滴头间距30cm,灌水周期为4.5天。萌芽期、新梢生长期、花期、果实膨大期、果浆成熟期、枝蔓成熟期的适宜灌水量分别为112.5 m3/亩、202.8 m3/亩、53.2 m3/亩、283.3 m3/亩、111.0 m3/亩、106.5 m3/亩,全生育期的灌溉水量为869.3m3/亩。更多还原

【Abstract】 Tu-ha basin located in extremely arid regin, grape is supporting industry. The soil texture of this area is special soil-stony medium, meanwhile, traditional flood irrigation wasted lots of water resources, carrying water saving irrigation is imperative. In order to investigate the effects of rock fragment on water infiltration characteristics and find the suitable irrigation scheme of drip irrigation for grape in Tuha Basin, on the basis of reading a lot of literature both at home and abroad, supported by national sci-tech project and major project of Xinjiang autonomous region, this paper studied the one dimensional and three dimensional water movement characteristics of stony-soil medium, as well as the grape’s growth and development properties under drip irrigation through combining the experimental research and theoretical analysis, major findings are as follows:(1) Rock fragment content has a significant influence on one dimensional water infiltration characteristics of stony-soil medim. The cumulative infiltration and wetting front length are all smaller than the fine soil, the cumulative infiltration and wetting front decrease with the increase of rock fragment content at first, then increase, and decrease again at last, the milestone is different because of rock fragment particle size. The comulative infiltration and wetting front length increase with the increas of rock fragment particle size. When the rock fragment particle size are 0.5-3cm and 3-5cm, saturated hydraulic conductivity of stony-soil medim can be precisely obtained using one dimensional vertical algebraic model and Green-Ampt formula, respectively. When the rock fragment content are 0%、10%、20%、50% under 0.5-1cm, and 30% under 1-5cm, unsaturated soil water diffusivity and parameters of Brooks-Corey model of stony-soil medim can be precisely determined by horizontal infiltration method.(2) Ponding radius, horizontal and vertical wetted distance, horizontal and vetical interference distance of stony-soil medim are all larger than fine soil, and increase with the increase of rock fragment content. The volume of wetted body increase and soil water content at same position decrease with the increase of rock fragment.(3) Under the condition of field point source infiltration and interference infiltration, ponding radius, horizontal wetted distance, wetted body’s shape factor and volumn are increase with the increase with the dripper discharge and water amount.(4) Compared with flood irrigation, drip irrigation could decrease soil surface evaporation and deep percolation significantly, which are important water-saving approaches of drip irrigation. Under high moisture treatment, soil water distribution, grape’s growth vigor and yield are all better than other treatments, but from the perspective of relationship between yield and water consumption, water consumption of high moisture treatment has exeeded the optimal point. Based on the research, the suitable technical parameters of drip irrigation for grape in Tuha Basin are as follows:three capillary tubes, dripper discharge is 2.7L/h and dripper spacing is 30cm, irrigation frequency is 4.5d. The suitable irrigation amount of germination stage, shoot growth stage, flowering stage, fruit expanding stage, fruit paste mature stage and branche mature stage are 112.5 m3/mu,202.8 m3/mu, 53.2 m3/mu,283.3 m3/mu,111.0 m3/mu,106.5 m3/mu, respectively. The irrigation amount of whole growth period is 869.3 m3/mu.更多还原