【作者】 李琼；

【导师】 李先波；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 民商法学， 2010， 硕士

【摘要】 自助行为制度作为私力救济的一种方式,在人类社会早期就已经存在。随着人类社会的发展,私力救济一度被禁止,但是在特殊情况下,公力救济无法保护人们的合法权益,包括自助行为在内的私力救济方式再一次进入人们视野,并且随着现实生活中与自助行为相关的侵权纠纷的增加,自助行为制度引起了法学界和社会公众的关注。自助行为是权利人在来不及请求公力救济的紧迫情况下,保护自身合法权益的一种方式,它是侵权法中违法阻却性的抗辩事由,也是一种正当的自我救济方式。其渊源可追溯到人类社会以“血亲复仇”、“同态复仇”形式出现的私力救济。它不同于正当防卫、紧急避险以及留置权等其他保护自身权益的方式,在认定自助行为时,应考虑自助行为的目的、行使主体、时间界限、行使方式、行使限度以及事后义务等因素。自助行为,因其属于侵权法上的抗辩事由,因此自助行为人虽然给他人造成了一定的损害,但是不承担侵权责任,具有阻却违法的法律效果。对于错误自助行为,因其不能对抗侵权民事责任构成,因而不能成为抗辩事由而阻却违法,应根据错误自助行为的损害后果承担相应的侵权责任。域外国家在自助行为制度的构建中,给我国提供了很多可借鉴的经验,有些国家在《民法典》或其他法律条文中明确规定自助行为制度,有的国家虽然没有关于自助行为制度的明确法律条文,但是通过司法实践也予以承认。从立法内容方面来看,各国都明确自助行为存在的合理性,但同时规定应对其进行限制；从立法体例上来看,部分国家将自助行为在《民法典》总则中予以一般规定,有些国家则将自助行为规定在侵权法编抗辩或免责事由章节中。在我国,至今仍没有关于自助行为制度的法律规范,这无疑是我国的立法缺失,但是在司法实践中,自助行为制度也被认可为裁判的依据。在当今的立法趋势下,从我国的现实国情出发,设置自助行为制度具备相应的法理基础,也符合我国司法实践的发展趋势,并且随着民事法律的不断完善,自助行为在侵权救济中的作用越来越明显。鉴于我国正在准备《民法典》的制定,我们应在《民法典》抗辩事由章节中,设置自助行为制度,从而为保护公民权益提供更加合理的救济途径,并进一步完善我国的民事权利救济体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a way of relief by private power, self-help behavior system has already existed in the early human society. With the development of human society, the relief by private power once has been banned, but in some special conversations, the relief by public power can’t protect people’s rights and interests. Including the self-help behavior, the relief by private power once again is on people’s horizon, and with the increase of self-infringement disputes related to the self-help behavior in real life, self-help behavior system raises the legal circles and general public’s attention.The self-help behavior is a way to the right owner to protect their own legitimate rights and interests in an urgent circumstance when the right owner is too late to request the public remedy. It is an unlawful defense in tort law, and it is also a legitimate means of self-relief. Its origin dates back to the relief by private power in the form of’blood revenge’and’revenge of the same state’in human society.It differs from self-defense, emergency hedge, as well as liens and other means of protecting people’s own interests. Therefore, when we regulate the self-help behavior, we should consider the purpose of self-help behavior, the body of exercising self-help behavior, the time limits, the ways of exercising self-help behavior, the extent of exercising self-help behavior, as well as the subsequent obligations and other factors. Self-help behavior, as the defenses in tort law, although the people who does the self-help behavior has given a certain amount of damage to others, but does not assume responsibility for infringement, so it has the legal effect of obstructing the illegal behaviors. The false self-help behavior does not against the infringement, and thus can not be recognized as the defense which negates an offense, therefore, it should be based on the consequences of false self-help behavior to assume corresponding responsibilities.In the process of building the self-help behavior system, other countries offer our country a lot to learn from their experience. Some countries define the self-help behavior in the’Civil Code’or other legal provisions, and some countries recognize the self-help behavior by the judicial practice, although they don’t have the clear legal provisions on the self-help behavior. In respect of the legislative content, all countries make the existence of self-help behaviors’rationality clearly, but at the same time they carry out the provisions of limitations; In respect of the legislative style, some countries conduct self-help behavior in the general provisions of the’Civil Code’to be a general rule, some countries put the provisions on self-help behavior in the self-defense or exemptions sections in tort.However, since China has not haven the legal provisions on the self-help behavior system, and it is undoubtedly the lack of legislation in China. However, in judicial practice, self-help behavior system has also been recognized as the basis for judicial decisions. According to today’s legislative trend and the reality of China’s national conditions, setting the self-help behavior system has been with the corresponding legal basis, and is also in line with the development trend of China’s judicial practice. With the continuous improvement of civil law, self-help behavior’role for relief is increasingly apparent in tort. In view of our country is preparing to put the’Civil Code’in the formulation, we should set up the self-help behavior system in the chapter of defense in the’Civil Code’, so as to protect people’s rights by providing a more rational way of relief, and further improve China’s civil rights relief system.更多还原